Англ(2курс, 2 семестр)

Adverbial Clauses

	smb does		that		may			1. She opens the window
purpose	smth							that she may (might) get a
			so that		might			breath of fresh air.
			in order		smb can do smth			2. She opens the window
of			that		could			lest it should be stuffy.
			lest		should
comparison	smb does		as if					1. You speak as if you knew
	smth		as though		smb did			it.
					smth had done			2. She flushes as if he had
								struck her.
	Subordinate Clauses							Principal clauses
of concession	Though he …
	However tired he… might be
	Tired though he…							he’ll go to the concert
	No matter how tired he … may
								you are welcome
of time	Whenever you				come
	may/might
								he’ll always find friends
of place	Wherever he				live
	may/might
				Conditionals

	Real condition		If smb does	smb will do	If I book a ticket
			smth	smth	I’ll go to the cinema
	condition	Present	If smb did	smb would do	If I booked a ticket
Unreal		Future	smth	smth	I would go to the cinema.
		Past	If smb had	smb would	If I had booked a ticket (then)
			done smth	have done	I would have gone to the
				smth	cinema (then).
		Present	If smb did	smb would	If I were a cinema-goer
Mixed		Past	smth	have done	I would have gone to the
				smth	cinema (then).
		Past	If smb had	smb would do	If I had booked a ticket (then)
		Present	done smth	smth	I would go to the cinema
					(now)
		Present	If it were not	smb would do	If it weren’t for the rain
не			for smb/smth	smth	I would go to the cinema.
		Past	If it hadn’t	smb would	If it hadn’t been for the rain
Якби
			been for	have done	(then)
			smb/smth	smth	I would have gone to the
					cinema (then).

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		Present	But for	smb would do	But for the rain (now)
			smb/smth	smth	I would go to the cinema.
		Past	But for	smb would	But for the rain (then)
			smb/smth	have done	I would have gone to the
				smth	cinema (then).
Якщо трапиться так, що			If smb	smb	If you should book a ticket
			should/would	will/would do
			do smth	smth	Should you book a ticket
			Should smb	do smth	I will/would go to the cinema.
			do smth		call me at once.
Якби			If smb were to	smb would do	If I were to book a ticket
			do smth	smth	I would go to the cinema.
Якби лише		Present	Oh, if	smb did smth	Oh, if
			Oh that		I booked a ticket! (now)
		Past	If only	smb had done	Oh, if
				smth	I had booked a ticket! (then)
			Set	Expressions
б радше		Present	Smb would	do smth	I’d rather
			rather		go to the cinema (now).
		Past	Smb would	have done	I’d rather
Я краще/			rather	smth	have gone to the cinema
					(then).
		Present	Smb would	smb did	I would rather
/			rather		you went to the cinema(now).
Краще б Ви Вам краще
		Past	Smb would	smb had done	I would rather
			rather	smth	you had gone to the cinema
					(then).

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The Purpose of Utterance

the Structure

Module 6 – Sentence Structure

The Simple Sentence

	Declarative	a. affirmative	She was absorbed in becoming a young lady.
		b. negative	Stephen had not been able to answer.
	Interrogative	a. general	Was she simply a pretty girl from New York
			State?
		b. special
			Who else could have done it?
		c. alternative
			Is it cold or warm today?
		d. disjunctive
			Jane has been to Paris, hasn’t she?
	Imperative	a. order	Read! Don’t read! Mind you! You sit here!
		b. request	Come to see us tonight, please. Do take care
		c. motive	of the children. Bring me my cap, will you?
			Let him do it. Don’t let them go there. Let
			them not go there.
	Exclamatory	a. declarative	At last you have returned!
		b. interrogative	Have you ever seen such weather!
		c. imperative	Hurry up!
		d. what, how	What a lovely child she is! How quickly you
			walk!
	two-member	a. complete,	The young lady paused in front of his bench,
		extended	near the garden.
		b. incomplete
		(elliptical)	“Where do you spend your holidays?” – “In
		unextended
			the country.”
	one-member	a. extended	Involving more and more in politics.
		b. unextended	Winter! Freedom! Right!

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			Module 6 – Sentence Structure
			The Complex Sentence
			Subordinating	Sentences
			conjunctions or
			connectives
			a) that, whether, if;	It is strange that he has taken it for granted.
			b) who, what, which;	That he has taken it for granted is strange.
			c) when, where, how,	It is possible that he may be in management.
	Clauses		why	That he may be in management is possible.
				It is uncertain when he got into debt.
				It is a mystery why they have broken their
				When he got into debt is uncertain.
	Subject			engagement.
				mystery.
				Why they have broken their engagement is a
				It is not known whether she will come into
				money
				Whether she’ll come into money is not known.
				It is his brother who let me down.
	Predicative	Clauses	a) that, whether, if, as if;	She looks as if she feels inclined to come to his
			b) who, what, which;	The question was what there was on her mind.
				rescue.
			c) when, where, how,	The idea is that we should give him a trial.
			why	This is why I’ve put in a word for you.
			a) that, if, whether;	I was surprised that she should have put on
			b) who, what, which;	airs.
			c) when, where, how,	Time will show whether they’ll let bygones be
	Clauses		why	bygones.
				He pointed to the fact that they were beating
				about the bush.
	Object			She asked why he went out of his way to put a
				I wish you could take the rough with the
				stop to everything.
				smooth.
				He owed it to his first teacher that he had a
				good pronunciation.
	Attributive		a) who, whose, that,	She had a gift of mimicry which she kept in
		Clauses	which, as;	check.
			b) where, when	He came to that stage of life when he was
				bound to earn his living.
				She gave him such a treat as he had never had
				before.

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of time

	of place
	of cause
AdverbialClauses	of purpose
	of result
	of condition
	of comparison
	of concession
	of manner

when, as, after, till, as	When you get into my shoes, you won’t turn a
soon as, until, since, as	hair.
long as, before, now that,	You’ll feel at home as soon as you confide
while, whenever,	your grief to smb.
hardly… when, no	Now that she has turned the tables on him, she
sooner … than	felt satisfied.
	Hardly had he got even with the boy when he
	got into another mischief.
where, wherever	Wherever he may be, he always acquires the
	reputation of a reliable man.
	Presently he returned to where he led a devil of
	a life.
because, since, as, for	Since you insist, I won’t interfere with your
fear that, on the ground	private concerns.
that	As the weather was gorgeous, we went for a
	stroll.
that, so that, lest, in	She took much pains so that he could be as
order that	pleased as Punch.
so that, so… that	I was so sharp with her that she was taken
	aback.
	Hills rose on every side, so that the valley was
	gloomy even in the day time.
if, unless, suppose,	They will never trust him if he lets them down.
supposing, provided, on	Suppose he gives you away, what will you do?
condition
as if, as though, than,	He’ll do you an injustice sooner, than you
as…as, not so…as	expected.
	She looked concerned as if smb got her on the
	raw.
though, although,	Though he pulled himself together, he kept
whoever, whatever,	silence.
however, in spite of, no	Whatever you may do, I won’t reproach you
matter how	for it.
as	She took him down a peg, as it was expected.

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Types of Predicates

Structure

Example

a. a finite verb in any tence and voice

He smokes a lot. The book has been read.

b. a phraseological unit

He

start. He had a

Simple

gave a

smoke.

1. to have a smoke, to give a kiss, to take a

I lost sight of the coast. They made fun at the

look

party.

2. to get rid of, to lose sight of, to make fun

a. a link-verb + predicative

He is a doctor. The milk smells sour.

link verbs

He

She grew

became a

doctor. I got nervous.

sad.

1.

of being – be, seem, look, taste, smell

Nominal

2.

of becoming – become, get, turn, grow

remained reserved. The weather continues

She

3.

of remainingremain, continue, keep

fine.

b. a finite verb + predicative

He

sat amazed. She lay senseless. he came

f. v.: to lie, sit, stand, go, come, fall, leave.

home angry.

a. a modal verb + Infinitive

He can read English. You must stay here.

Compound

can, must, may, shall, will, should, would, ought

to

They are going to visit England. I have to

Modal

b. a modal expression + Infinitive

leave.

to be going, to be anxious, to be able, to have to

c. a verb with a modal meaning + Infinitive

He wanted to win. She expected to solve the

to want, try, wish, hope, expect, intend

problem.

an aspect verb + Infinitive

We began to discuss the text.

a. to begin, start, commence, set about

They

Aspect

continued reading.

b. to continue, go on, keep (on)

He stopped smoking.

c. to finish, stop, give up

PHONETICS SECTION

INTONATION AND ITS COMPONENTS Intonation / prosody is a complex unity of components, such as:

1)speech melody / pitch component;

2)loudness;

3)tempo;

4)sentence stress;

5)rhythm;

6)pausation;

7)voice timbre.

Speech melody is the variations in the pitch level (high, medium and low) and the pitch range (the interval between two pitch levels). It depends on the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords.

Loudness is the amplitude of vibration of the vocal cords.

Tempo is the relative speed of utterance determined by the rate (speed) of syllable succession and the length of pauses.

Slow speech – lento – 2-4 syllables per second; Normal speech – 3-6 syllables per second;

Fast speech – allegro – 5-9 syllables per second.

Sentence stress is a greater prominence given to one or more words in a sentence according to their importance.

Rhythm is regular flow of speech in which stressed and unstressed syllables occur at definite intervals.

Pausation – pauses in an utterance (long, short and very short; syntactic, emphatic, hesitation pauses)

Voice timbre is a special colouring of human voice.

FUNCTIONS OF THE INTONATION

1.The constitutive / sentence-forming function

2.The distinctive function (intonation serves to distinguish communicative types of sentences)

3.The attitudinal function (expresses the speaker’s emotions and attitudes)

Stylistic use of intonation

An intonational style is a system of interrelated intonational means which is used in a social sphere and serves a definite aim of communication. The choice of an intonational style is determined by the purpose of communication and by a number of other extralinguistic factors (mimics, gestures, etc.) and social factors.

The following intonational styles can be singled out:

1.Informational / Formal

2.Academic / Scientific

3.Publicistic / Oratorial

4.Declamatory / Artistic

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5. Conversational / Familiar

The purpose of communication determines three types of information conveyed in oral texts: intellectual, attitudinal (emotional) and volitional, and accordingly there are three basic intonation patterns. Each of these types of information is realized by means of specific prosodic features.

Informational style is used to communicate information without giving it any emotional evaluation mostly by radio and television announcers in pressreporting and broadcasting: weather forecasts, news, etc. or in various official situations. It is

stylistically neutral.
Voice timbre	Dispassionate, impartial, but resolute and assured
Loudness	Normal or increased
Tempo	Slow, rarely allegro
Pauses	Rather long, especially at the end of each news item
Rhythm	Stable
Terminal tones	Categoric, final falling tones; rising and falling-rising tones
Scales / heads	Descending, often broken

Fresh deal to end Rio rubbish collection strike

Rio de Janeiro authorities and street cleaners say they have reached a new agreement to end an eight-day strike which has left tonnes of rubbish on the streets of the Brazilian city. The strike by street sweepers had led to piles of rubbish and a bad smell on the street during carnival week. Julia Carneiro reports for the BBC.

There's something rotten in Rio - and the smell is coming from the huge stacks of rubbish piled up on sidewalks all over the city. Rio's street sweepers chose the carnival holiday to demand better salaries. Their wages start at roughly $400 a month.

Declamatory / Artistic style uses intellectual, volitional and emotional intonation patterns. Its aim is to influence the mind, the will and feelings of the listener by image-bearing devices. It is widely used in stage speech, classroom recitation or in reading fiction aloud.

Voice timbre	Concerned, personally involved, emotionally rich
Loudness	Varied according to the size of the audience to the emotional
	setting
Tempo	Deliberately slow, necessitated by the purpose of reading
Pauses	Long, especially between the sentences
Rhythm	Properly organized
Terminal tones	Categoric law and high falls, occasional use of rising and level
	tones to break the monotony
Scales / heads	Varied, both emphatic and non-emphatic; level and stepping

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Narrator:

Once upon a time in winter, when the snowflakes were falling like feathers from heaven, a beautiful Queen sat sewing at her window, which had a frame of black

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ebony wood. As she sewed, she looked up at the snow and pricked her finger with the needle. Three ruby red drops of blood fell into the soft white snow.

Snow White’s Mother:

Oh, what a lovely sight. If only I had a child with skin white as snow, lips red as blood, and hear black as ebony wood.

Academic / Scientific style employs intellectual and volitional intonation patterns. It is objective and precise and is used by lecturers, teachers and scientists.

Voice timbre	Authoritative, imposing, edifying, instructive, self-assured
Loudness	Increased, sometimes forte
Tempo	Normal, slow on the most important parts, flexible
Pauses	Rather long
Rhythm	Properly organized
Terminal tones	Many compound terminal tones: High Fall + Low Rise, Fall-
	Rise, Rise-Fall-Rise, a great number of high categoric falls
Scales / heads	Stepping, descending and ascending

Job-related stress

Many people today complain of job-related stress. Indeed numerous surveys have shown that most working adults today perceive the workplace to be a more challenging environment than in previous generations.

Although on the surface of it, stressful work and challenging work may appear to be identical, it is important to distinguish between the two terms. Job stress occurs when the demands of a job do not match the worker’s needs, resources or skills. A teacher who is required to teach a subject he or she knows nothing about or is not interested in is likely to experience job stress. Prolonged job stress can result in poor physical or emotional health, or what we call ‘burnout’. A challenging job is very different in that it encourages the worker to develop skills and resources. Meeting a challenge is rewarding. It is comparable to stretching out to grasp a prize that is nearly within reach.

Publicistic / Oratorial style is characterized mostly by volitional intonation patterns. Its aim is to influence the listener and convince him. It is used mostly in public speeches by politicians, commentators, judges, etc.

Voice timbre	Dignified, self-assured, concerned and personally involved
Loudness	Enormously increased
Tempo	Moderately slow
Pauses	Definitely long between the passages, a great number of breath-
	taking pauses, “rhetorical silence” is often used to influence the
	public
Rhythm	Properly organized
Terminal tones	Mostly emphatic, falling-rising tones are frequent
Scales / heads	Descending and stepping, often broken to increase the emphasis
Extralinguistic	Kinesics: mimics, movements, gestures for more influence
features

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Inaugural Address by President Barack Obama

United States Capitol 11:55 A.M. EST

THE PRESIDENT: Vice President Biden, Mr. Chief Justice,

members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens: Each time we gather to inaugurate a President we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional -- what makes us American -- is our allegiance to an idea articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago:

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Conversational / Familiar style is typical of everyday life, is used in informal conversations of relatives, friends and well-acquainted people. Attitudinal intonation patterns prevail in this style.

Voice timbre		Concerned, personally involved, emotionally rich
Loudness		Varied
Tempo		Varied from slow to very fast
Pauses		Different kinds: filled, hesitation, breath-taking
Rhythm		Not organized
Terminal tones		Falling, rising, complex
Scales / heads		All scales
F = Father	D	= Daughter

F:Hi Julie – you’re back! How did it go?

D:Wicked, Dad. Absolutely great!

F:Come on, sit down. I want to hear all about it – everything!

D: Well, first of all, when I got to the airfield, I checked in at the reception and they told me what was going to happen. Then I was introduced to the instructor. He was so nice. Really relaxed and friendly – so I began to feel a bit less nervous! And when I saw the plane I nearly ran away!

F:Why?!

D:It was so small and lightit looked as if it would break up if you touched it!

F:But you did get in it?

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