Англ(2курс, 2 семестр)

1380. However, soon it broke into smaller Tatar principalities that declined steadily in power.

26. Read the text and be ready to discuss it. Study the new vocabulary to do the following tasks and exercises. Translate the text into Ukrainian.

The Invasion of Khan Batu

In the early thirties of the 13th century Russia was invaded by Mongol-Tatar hordes. In December 1240 the Mongol-Tatar forces led by Khan Batu besieged Kyiv. Batu's army was claimed to be so great that the noise made by the creaking waggons, neighing horsesand bellowing camels drowned the sound of people's voices inside the city walls. Kyiv offered a fierce resistance but the superior forces of the enemy broke through the defenses. The Church of the Tithes was the last stronghold of the townsfolk. In an effort to save themselves they fortified its walls, and the women, children and old people sought refuge inside the Church, particularly in the gallery of the building. The weight of the people was so great that the Church collapsed burying beneath its ruins the last of Kyiv's defenders.

The Mongol-Tatars burned down the greater part of the city and destroyed most of its churches and palaces. Kyiv, whose fame had grown through the ages, was laid waste within a few days. On Mount Starokyivska nothing but charred ruins were left standing among the weeds. It was only by a miracle that such buildings as the Cathedral of St. Sophia, St. Michael's Monastery and the Golden Gate survived the invasion half-ruined.

The staunch, heroic resistance of Kyiv and other Russian towns weakened the conquerors and prevented the Mongol-Tatars from over-running the whole of Europe. By repelling the main attack of the Mongol-Tatar hordes Rus saved the western countries from ruin and devastation.

The Mongol-Tatars ruled Kyiv for more than a century. Gradually the town resumed its everyday life. Houses were rebuilt, people returned to their daily occupations; crafts, trade and agriculture were revived.

Comprehension Check

27. Answer the questions.

1.When was Rus invaded by Mongol-Tatar hordes?

2.Who led the hordes?

3.What stifled citizens’ voices?

4.Why did Kyiv fail to resist the enemy?

5.Where did people find refuge?

6.How terrible were the consequences after Tatar’s occupation of the town?

7.How long did they rule?

8.What played a decisive role to weaken the Tatar’s power?

Language Focus

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28. Translate into English

Осаджувати Київ; шум від скрипучих возів, іржачих коней, рикаючих верблюдів; обвуглені руїни; стійкий героїчний опір; відбивати головний напад; повернутися до щоденних справ; спустошення; завойовник; городяни; чинити несамовитий опір; руйнуватися, завалюватися; шукати притулку; захоплювати, окупувати місто; в намаганні; залишитися напівзруйнованим; перешкоджати захопленню Європи.

29. Explain the meaning and give the context of the following words from the text above

	to invade		collapse
	to besiege		to destroy
	to claim		to staunch
	fierce		to repel
	fame		to resume
	stronghold		devastation
	to fortify		to revive

to refuge

30.Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.

Khan Batu; besiege; fierce; refuge; survive; charred ruins; staunch; occupations; resume; devastation; revive.

31.Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words from the list.

Moored	resumed	mouth	revived conversion last stronghold at the height
laid waste	wealth	collapsed	charred ruins	in a fit of rage	repelling creaking
	wagons	rebuit	stopping place	weakened	surpassed

1.Kyiv was _______ of its glory towards the end of the 10th and the beginning of the

11th centuries.

2.The ______ to Christianity in 988 helped established closer links between Kyiv Rus and European states.

3.Kyiv continued to grow in ______ and importance.

4.The mirror is said to be smashed ______ by a Kyiv maiden.

5.Travellers and chroniclers considered that Kyiv ______the most beautiful towns of that period.

6.This was the usual ______ for foreign merchants who ______ their vessels in the

______ of Pochaina river.

7.The Church of theTithes was the last ______ of the townfolk.

8.By ______ the main attack Rus towns ______ the conquerors.

9.Kyiv whose fame had grown through the ages was ______ .

10.Gradually the town ______ its everyday life.

11 The weight of the people was so great the Church ______ . 12. In a few days ______ were left standing among the weeds.

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13.______ drowned the people’s voices.

14. Houses were ______, crafts and trade were ______ .

32. Translate into English.

1.Стійкий героїчний опір Києва та інших руських міст послабили сили завойовника.

2.Відбивши головний напад Монголо-татарських орд, Русь врятувала Західну Європу від руйнування та спустошення.

3.Монголо-татари спалили більшу частину міста та зруйнували більшість церков та палаців.

4.В 13 столітті Монголо-татарські орди під командуванням Хана Батия захопили древній Київ.

5.Кияни чинили несамовитий опір ворогу, але переважаючі сили противника прорвали оборону.

6.Десятинна церква була останньою фортецею мешканців міста.

7.Люди шукали притулку в церкві, особливо багато людей зібралося вгалереї церкви.

8.Церква не витримала ваги людей, які шукали притулку і обвалилася, поховавши під руїнами жінок і дітей.

9.Сили ворога були послаблені героїчним опором руських міст, що перешкодило завойовникам захопити Європу.

10.Поступово життя стало налагоджуватись, будинки відремонтували, люди повернулися до своїх звичайних занять.

Role-play.

33.You are with foreign tourists in Podil. Speak with them about the history of ancient Kyiv Rus in a dialogue form.

34.Read the text and be ready to discuss it. Study the new vocabulary to do the following tasks and exercises.

St. Sophia Cathedral

St. Sophia Cathedral was the main cathedral among the numerous monumental temples built in the 10th-12th centuries. It was

founded in 1037 by Prince Yaroslav the Wise, at the site where the year before the ancient Rus troops had defeated the pechenihy hordes, who attacked Kyiv. At that time, this site was beyond the city walls and was described by the Chronicler as "a field outside the city". [1]

The Cathedral, as the main temple of Kyivan Rus, was situated on the cross-way of the four central road-streets of the city. The first sight for pilgrims

entering the city was the enormous multidomed bulk of the Cathedral.[2]

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St. Sophia was of great importance in ancient Rus life. Ceremonies and burials of princes were held there. Its founder, Yaroslav the Wise, died in 1054 and was buried there, too, and his marble sarcophagus was placed in the far northern nave. His son, Vsevolod, and Volodymyr Monomakh were buried here too. [3]

Yaroslav the Wise founded the first library and a centre for correspondence and foreign book translations at St. Sophia Cathedral. [4]

The Cathedral was originally a grand five-nave temple. It was surrounded by two rows of open galleries and surmounted by thirteen domes. On its west side, there were two circular wide tower-belfries, in which staircases led to the galleries. This was where the main chambers of the prince and his court were located. The most interesting characteristic feature of the Cathedral architecture is, undoubtedly, its pyramidal composition crowned with thirteen domes. Research workers point out the influence of the traditional forms of ancient wooden architecture in this composition. [5]

St. Sophia Cathedral is akin in appearance to the Byzantine stone buildings of the 10-13th centuries (only the presence of the open galleries differs them), but no direct analogy can be made with the medieval architecture. By the way, it got its name from a cathedral in the Byzantine capital Constantinopol. [6]

St. Sophia Cathedral was considerably damaged and looted during the Tatar-Mongol invasion in 1240, and during the rule of Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords in Kyiv. The cathedral stood neglected for many years until 1636 when it was restored by Metropolitan Petro Mohyla. It acquired its present aspect at the end of the 17th century and during the first half of the 18th century. [7]

The Cathedral was reconstructed and replastered, spacious external galleries were added, six new domes were erected and the facade was covered with stucco decorations. It was at this time that the majority of the buildings around St. Sophia were erected: the monastery buildings, the fence with the South and West Gates, the

belfry, the Metropolitan's palace, the seminary and other buildings, and the monasterial refectory. [8]

The most interesting building is the four-storeyed belfry. Standing 76 m in height, it is an important line not only to the ensemble of St. Sophia Cathedral but to the Kyiv skyline. [9]

Entering the Cathedral, the visitor finds himself in mysterious semi-darkness as he is surrounded by breaks of light and shadow. Approaching the central nave he is startled with the bright light of the central semi-cupola, ornamentated with multi-coloured mosaics and frescoes. They were created in 1040s and are of a great interest and artistic value. [10]

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For instance, in the central apse is the mosaic of the Virgin Mary-Oranta (our Lady praying with uplifted arms). Our Lady was the most popular saint among the Slavs. In spite of its tremendous extent (the hand of Mary is 0.9 m high and the entire figure is almost 6 m high), the picture was made of small mosaic cubes expressively and skillfully. Mary was in a blue tunic with violet-brown shadows. [11]

The wide pleats of her tunic and cloakunderline her monumentality and majesty. As the figure of Mary Oranta is placed on the curved surface and because the cubes of gold smalt were placed specially unevenly, the glimmering gentle brilliance around her figure is seen from many angles. [12]

All the other walls of the Cathedral are covered with frescoes. Like the mosaics, the frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral were created by highly qualified masters. [13]

The most important were the Yaroslav family frescoes, which were placed in the central nave of the Cathedral. Against the altar in the centre, Christ was depicted sitting on the throne, with Yaroslav the Wise and his wife Irene presenting the model of the Cathedral to Christ. Two of Yaroslav's sons were depicted on the southern wall of the nave with his five daughters. Among them (on the northern wall) Elizabeth, who later became Queen of Norway, and Anna

(Queen of France), and Anastasia (Queen of Hungary). [14]

Unfortunately, only a portion of the south side where Yaroslav's daughters are depicted and a fragment of the portraits of Yaroslav's two sons on the north side have been preserved. [15]

The Cathedral and the belfry were damaged during the German-fascists occupation of Kyiv. After the war a great deal of work was carried out restoring the buildings, the mosaic work and the frescoes. The restoration of the Cathedral and the gilding work of its domes were completed in 1952-54. During the long history of the Cathedral the frescoes were covered over with other paintings, and had several layers of oil-colours. The restorers recovered, inch by inch, the original masterpieces and they did not allow for the slighest deviation from the originals. The mosaic works were also restored with the same care. At the same time, scientific research work was carried on in studying this fine historical monument. [16]

Comprehension Check

35. Answer the questions.

1.When and where was St. Sofia Cathedral founded?

2.Why was the Cathedral of great importance in the ancient Rus life?

3.What was special in the architecture of the cathedral?

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4.Can you describe the likeness and difference between St. Sofia Cathedral and the Byzantine stone buildings of the X-XIII centuries?

5.Who was the first library established by?

6.How did the Tatar-Mongol invasion affect the cathedral?

7.Which buildings were erected after the reconstruction?

8.What is supposed to be the most interesting building? Why?

9.Wasn’t our Lady the most popular saint among the Slavs? Give thedescription of the mosaic.

10.What were the most important frescoes to cover the walls of the cathedral?

11.How many children of Yaroslav the Wise were depicted in the frescoes?

12.Which of those frescoes have been preserved to our days?

13.What were the consequences of the German-fascist occupation in Kiev?

36. What do the following numbers and figures refer to?

1240 1636 1037 1054 76 1040s 1952-54

37.Transcribe the following words to avoid possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.

Pechenihy hordes, enormous, bulk, marble, sarcophagus, surmount, undoubtedly, architecture, pyramidal, edifice, ancient, grandiose, triumphant, masonry,alternate, facade, belfry, ensemble, notwithstanding, annexes, cupola, apse, unevenly, Christ, biblical.

38.Search each numbered paragraph (Para) of the text for the appropriate English equivalents of the Ukrainian words and expressions.

Para 1: монументальний храм; розгромити орди печенігів; Para 2: головний храм;

Para 3: мармуровий саркофаг; неф; Para 4: центр листування та перекладу;

Para 5: відкриті галереї; увінчаний тринадцятьма куполами; дзвіниці; головні палати князя та його двору;

Para 6: надавати споруді величний та тріумфальний образ; бути побудованим методом змішаної кладки; чергуватися з рядками цеглини; бути схожим на Візантійські кам’яні споруди; не можна знайти жодного аналога з середньовічної архітектури;

Para7:бути значно зруйнованим та пограбованим; татаро-монгольська навала; під час правління; феодали; бути занедбаним; відновити; набути вигляду, який має зараз;

Para 8: реконструювати; тинькувати (штукатурити); зовнішні просторі галереї; фасад був прикрашений декоративною штукатуркою; дзвіниця; монастирська трапезна;

Para 9: чотирьохповерхова дзвіниця; київський краєвид;

Para 10: таємнича (загадкова) півтемрява; бути оточеним то світлом, то тінню; центральний неф; вражати яскравим світлом;

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Para11: Діва Марія-Оранта(Діва, яка молиться з піднесеними руками); незважаючи на величезний розмір; бути зробленим з маленьких мозаїчних кубиків надзвичайно виразно і майстерно;

Para 12: складки туніки; підкреслювати монументальність і велич її силуету; бути розміщеним на вигнутій поверхні; бути розміщеним нерівномірно; мерехтіння;

Para 13: бути вкритим фресками; Para 14: бути збереженим;

Para 15: бути пошкодженим під час німецько-фашистської окупації; декілька шарів олійної фарби; не дозволяти самого незначного відхилення від оригіналу; реставрувати з обережністю; крок за кроком; продовжувати наукову роботу.

39. Translate into Ukrainian.

Monumental temple; to defeat the pechenihy hordes; on the cross-way; multidomed bulk of the Cathedral; marble sarcophagus; nave; a centre for correspondence and foreign book translations; a five-nave temple; two rows of open galleries; to be surmounted by thirteen domes; two circular wide tower-belfries; the main chambers; to be crowned with thirteen domes; to point out; the influence of the traditional forms of ancient wooden architecture; to be akin; to be looted; to stand neglected; to acquire its present aspect; spacious external galleries; the monasterial refectory; a four-storeyed belfry; mysterious semi-darkness; to be made expressively and skillfully; the wide pleats of tunic and cloak; to be placed specially unevenly; the glimmering gentle brilliance; to be depicted; to be preserved; a great deal of work; the gilding work of domes; the slightest deviation from the originals; to carry on.

40. Explain the meanings and give the context of the following words from the text above.

	to defeat		akin
	temple		to neglect
	enormous		to restore
	to surmount		to startle
	edifice		mosaic
	triumphant		fresco
	to alternate		majesty
	to damage		glimmering

to loot

41.Render in English.

Одноповерхова кам'яна споруда прямокутної форми Брама Заборовського

– одна з найцiкавiших пам'яток української цивільної архітектури ХVIII століття. Побудована в 1746 році як парадний вхід у резиденцію митрополита, вона являє собою яскравий зразок українського бароко. Над аркою зображене палаюче серце з хрестом в обрамленнi двох пальмових гiлочок – герб самого митрополита Рафаїла Заборовського. У XVIII столітті це був парадний в'їзд до

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резиденції київських митрополитів (з боку Золотих воріт) на територію Софійського собору.

Культурологи нашого часу вважають Браму шедевром української архітектури. Як і в XVIII столітті, вона сьогодні вражає своєю пишністю. За багатством та соковитiстю форм цей невеликий за розмiрами витвiр української архiтектури не має собi рiвних, розказує директор музею. Пілястри, фронтони, портик з шести пiвколон, рослинний орнамент, властивий для того часу, алегоричні постаті і маски птахiв, а також родинних гербiв гетьманiвта митрополитiв – усе це знайшло своє вiдображення i в Брамi Заборовського.

Сьогодні тут відновлені давні приміщення для охоронців, які з часом перероблять в галерею. Найближчим часом у приміщенні Брами планують проводити безкоштовні майстер-класи для дітей, де будуть навчати мистецтвам, якими славиться Софія Київська – мозаїці та живопису.

42. Translate into English.

1.Як і мозаїки, всі фрески собору були створені висококваліфікованими майстрами.

2.Фрески на південній та північній вежах представляють особливий інтерес.

3.Увійшовши з нартекса (narthex) в собор, відвідувач знайомиться з внутрішньою архітектурою, яка збереглася з XI століття без особливих змін.

4.Враження від першого знайомства з інтер’єром храму прекрасно передав відомий історик академік Б.Д.Греков:Переступивши поріг Софії, ви відразу опиняєтесь у владі її грандіозності й пишності. Величні розміри внутрішнього простору, строгі пропорції, розкішні мозаїки і фрески полонять вас своєю досконалістю раніше, ніж ви встигнете вдивитися і вдуматися в усі деталі й збагнути все те, що хотіли сказати творці цього найбільшого твору архітектури і живопису”.

5.На стінах Софійського собору зберігся унікальний щодо своєї художньої цінності ансамбль монументального живопису XI століття.

6.Спочатку собор був величним п’ятинефним храмом.

7.Собор був розташований на перехресті чотирьох центральних шляхів міста

та паломники/мандрівники/, входячи до міста, спочатку бачили багатокупольну величезну споруду Софійського собору.

8.Собор був реконструйований та заново оштукатурений.

9.У літописах закладини собору датуються 1017 або 1037 роками.

10.Головний вхід до Софійського собору міститься з його західного боку. Перед входом – встановлений у 1969 році меморіальний знак на честь бібліотеки, заснованої Ярославом Мудрим при Софійському соборі в XI столітті.

THE KYIV-PECHERSKY MONASTERY

43. Read the text and be ready to discuss it. Study the new vocabulary to do the further tasks and exercises.

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The Kyiv-Pechersky Monastery

The Kyiv-Pechersky Monastery (preserved as an ancient monument) stands on the green hills above the Dniepro. Its sparkling gold cupolas can be seen from outside the capital.

The huge territory (22 hectares) of this first Russian monastery (built in the middle of the 11th century) covers two big hills and the valley between them. The highest hill is the site of the Higher Monastery (Lavra). The valley is occupied by the Near Caves with a whole ensemble of buildings of

various kinds and the smaller hill is the location of the Far Caves, with their churches and other premises.

It was these cave-like cells of the monks that gave the monastery its name, “peshchera” being the Russian for "cave."

The monastery developed rapidly. It became the seat of Christianity in ancient Rus, and the stronghold of feudalism and the Prince's power. The Chronicle of Past Days was written in the monastery.

The Kyiv Princes, who needed the backing of the Church, because its prestige lent divine authority to the existing feudal order, showered valuable gifts, including land on the monastery. That was the period of the birth of ancient Rus culture, which laid the foundation of the cultures of Russ, Ukrainians and Byeloruss. Trades and arts developed inside the monastery. These included the production of coloured smalt for mosaic work used in ornamenting the interiors of ecclesiastical buildings. In 1941 the archeological excavations disclosed the remains of a workshop where smalt was produced.

The first building of the Pechersky Monastery stood on the territory of the present Far Caves. The cells of the monks and the chapel were hewn in the heights over the Dnipro. Later cells were built on the site of the Near Caves. The first church of the monastery, the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin, evidently a wooden edifice, was found on the hill of the Far Caves.

The focal point of the architectural ensemble of the monastery and its most ancient monument was the collegiate Church of the Dormition (1073 - 1089) which was ornamented with mosaic work and paintings. Later the Cathedral of St. John the Forerunner was built at the north-western corner of the collegiate church.

The collegiate Church of the Dormition, a brick and mortar building, was a typical

ecclesiastical structure of ancient Russia built on a cruciform plan. Its architectural interpretation fully harmonized with the picturesque environment of the Dnipro heights. It was characteristic of the period of feudal disintegration with its tendency towards simple ornamentation, compactness, and austerity of style. The drum of the cupola was decorated with small semicircular niches. The interior of the church was

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adorned with mosaics and frescoes, the work of Greek and Russian masters. In the 12th and 13th century the church was a model for other ecclesiastical buildings in Kyiv, Chernigov and other towns on the territory of the present Ukraine. During the German-fascist occupation this remarkable monument was completely destroyed.

As one approaches the Pechersky Monastery today, the first thing that catches the eye is the Church of the Trinity. Built in 1108 above the central gates both as a church and look-out post it has been well preserved to this day. This outstanding example of ancient Russian architecture continues the traditions of the church built by Yaroslav the Wise in 1037 above the Golden Gates. The interior is decorated with a splendidly carved iconostasis and beautiful frescoes, the work of 18th-century Ukrainian craftsmen.

Another ecclesiastical monument is situated on the outer side of the monastery's walls. This is the Church of the Saviour "at the village of Berestovo." In ancient times Berestovo was a domain of the Kiev Princes. When Prince Volodymyr died in 1015 in his wooden palace in Berestovo the village became the property of his son Yaroslav the Wise. At the turn of the 11th century Prince Volodymyr Monomakh built the stone Church of the Saviour. In 1157 the body of his son Yuri Dolgoruky, the founder of Moscow

was interred in the church. The structure was partially ruined in 1240 and rebuilt only in the forties of the 17thcentury. Originally the building had a cruciform ground plan with three apses and a cupola. Its interior, considered to be one of the last models of Byzantine art, was decorated in the 17th century by Greek craftsmen from Aphon.

In the Church of Berestovo there are two unique 11th-century reliefs on mythological subjects, cut into huge slabs of red slate in a style resembling woodcarving.

When the 800th anniversary of Moscow was celebrated in 1947 a granite tomb was erected in the church over the grave of Yuri Dolgoruky.

In the 13th century the wealth, power and glory of Kyiv passed away in face of the ravages of the Mongol-Tatar hordes. The monastery was neglected, and its restoration and reconstruction was begun only in the 15th century. That was the time of intensive economic development of the Dniepro area; Kyiv's importance as the economic, political, and cultural centre of the Ukraine grew apace. Parallel with this, the Kyiv-Pechersky Monastery grew wealthier, and its lands increased.

In 1615, one of the oldest printing works in Ukraine was set up in the Monastery and its books on history and theology were distributed throughout the Slav countries.

In the 18th century the Kyiv-Pechersky Monastery was actually a large-scale enterprise with 56,000 serfs. Among numerous other establishments it owned 13 monasteries, seven settlements, 189 villages and three glass works.

Intensive construction work inside the monastery grounds was begun in the period 1690-1702, when several new ecclesiastical buildings were erected, including

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