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- •Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь
- •Предисловие
- •Entry test Unit 1
- •1. Proofread the following sentences for errors in capitalization.
- •2. Decide which nouns are countable and which are uncountable and complete the sentences with their correct form, singular or plural.
- •1. Translate into English the phrases using the possessive case where possible.
- •2. Put in an apostrophe where necessary.
- •1.1. Single out nouns in the list of words below and in each noun underline the suffix that indicates the word is a noun.
- •2.1. Proofread the following sentences for errors in capitalization.
- •2.2. Decide which nouns are countable and which are uncountable.
- •2.3. Many countable nouns can be used as uncountable. Notice the difference in their meaning.
- •2.6. Translate into English and explain the use of a plural or singular form of the noun.
- •3. 1. Variable nouns Regular plurals
- •3.1. Put the nouns into plural and explain the use of the form.
- •3.2. Supply the plural form for the singular nouns listed below.
- •Irregular plurals
- •3.3. Put the nouns into plural and explain the use of the form:
- •3.6. Supply the plural form for the singular nouns listed below and explain the use of the form:
- •3.2. Invariable nouns
- •3.7. Read the following sentences and remember the singular nouns that take a singular verb.
- •3.9. Read the following sentences and pay special attention to the plural nouns that take a plural verb.
- •3.11. Read the story about Jeff, a tramp who begs in the town centre. Put in is or are.
- •3.12. Translate into English.
- •4.1. The (determinative) possessive case.
- •4.1. Translate into English the phrases using the possessive case where possible.
- •4.2. Put in an apostrophe where necessary.
- •4.2. The Independent Possessive
- •4.3. Explain the use of the Independent Possessive.
- •4.4. Make up sentences using the following nouns in the Independent Possessive.
- •5.2. Give female nouns correspondent to the following male nouns:
- •Review exercises
- •1. Derive nouns from the following verbs and adjectives:
- •2. Choose the correct option.
- •3 Identify which of the following words are usually countable [c] or uncountable [u] or can be in different senses both countable [c] and uncountable[u].
- •4. Correct any errors in noun plurals in the following sentences.
- •5. Say if the noun is singular or plural and use the correct form of the verb (is or are).
- •6. Translate into English using the words in the brackets.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •Progress test Unit 1
- •1. Proofread the following sentences for errors in capitalization.
- •2. Decide which nouns are countable and which are uncountable and complete the sentences with their correct form, singular or plural. Make other changes if necessary.
- •1. Translate into English the phrases using the possessive case where possible.
- •2. Put in an apostrophe where necessary.
- •Review Exercises
- •Entry test
- •Instead of regular adjectives use substantivized adjectives where possible.
- •1.1. Convert the following verbs and nouns into adjectives by means of suffixes.
- •1.2. Read the following poems paying attention to the pronunciation of adjectives.
- •1.3. Make the adjectives in brackets negative.
- •2.1. Put the adjective in the right place and explain the rule:
- •2.2. Using linking verbs make the following attributive adjectives predicative:
- •2.3. Put the adjectives in the right order:
- •Unit 4 comparison of adjectives
- •4.1. Read the forms of the adjectives and work out the rules of their spelling in the comparative and superlative degrees.
- •4.3. Give the comparative and superlative forms for the following adjectives:
- •4.4. Complete the sentences according to the model:
- •4.5. Read the poem and comment on the form of the adjectives.
- •4.6. Use much (many with countable nouns) before the comparative forms for emphasis.
- •4.7. Translate into English.
- •(Interesting/interested)
- •5.1. Choose the right adjective.
- •5.2. Make up sentences with pairs of adjectives ending in -ing and –ed.
- •Unit 6 substantivation of adjectives
- •6.1. Use adjectives as nouns.
- •Review exercises
- •1. Supply the right adjectival forms for the words in brackets.
- •2. Give a comparative or a superlative form for the adjectives in italics. Make other changes if necessary.
- •4. Use the right word order or choose the right forms.
- •Progress test
- •1. Convert the following verbs and nouns into adjectives by means of suffixes.
- •2. Make the adjectives in brackets negative.
- •Instead of the regular adjectives use substantivized adjectives.
- •Entry test
- •1. Put the adverbs in their usual position.
- •2. Translate into English placing the adverbs in their right place.
- •1. Complete each sentence by writing the correct form of the adverb in brackets.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Name adverbs that semantically correspond to the following adjectives:
- •2. Use good or well.
- •3. Complete the following sentences by using the correct form (adjective or adverb) of the word in brackets:
- •1.1. Say if the words below are adverbs of manner, frequency, time or place. Write each word under a heading to show if the word tells how, how often, when, or where.
- •1.2. Put the correct form of the adverb.
- •1.3. Translate into Russian and back into English.
- •Unit 2 Placing of adverbs
- •2.1. Read the sentences with adverbs and translate them into Russian. Work out general rules of placing the adverbs as in the model generalization. Give your own examples on analogy.
- •2.2. Point out the adverbs and explain the place of their use.
- •2.3. Put the adverbs in their usual position.
- •2.4. Translate into English placing the adverbs in their right place, explain your choice and then check your answers.
- •Unit 3 comparison of adverbs
- •3.1. Complete each sentence by writing the correct form of the adverb in brackets.
- •3.2. Translate the sentences.
- •1. The same form for adjectives and adverbs
- •4.1. Name adverbs that semantically correspond to the following adjectives.
- •Progress test
- •1. Put the adverbs in their usual position.
- •2. Translate into English placing the adverbs in their right place.
- •1. Complete each sentence by writing the correct comparison form of the adverb in brackets.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •1. Name adverbs that semantically correspond to the following adjectives:
- •2. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct word in brackets.
- •Entry Test
- •Indicate whether the sentence is correct, or it contains an error in pronoun reference.
- •Refer clearly to a specific noun.
- •Agree in number;
- •Agree in person;
- •1.1. Mark whether each sentence is correct or contains an error in pronoun use.
- •2.1. Use personal pronouns instead of the italic nouns.
- •2.2. Finish the sentences. Use I, we, us, you, he, me, him, her, they, them.
- •2.3. Fill in the gaps using object pronouns.
- •2.4. Add personal pronouns to complete the story and make your own story by analogy.
- •2.5. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Review Exercises (Personal Pronouns)
- •2.1. Each sentence has a mistake. Find it and correct it.
- •2.2. Here is a story. Make it sound better by putting personal pronouns instead of nouns where you think necessary. Sir Isaac Newton’s egg
- •2.3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •3.1. Make the plural phrases singular and the singular phrases plural.
- •3.2. Put a demonstrative pronoun in each of the blank spaces.
- •3.3. Substitute that or those for the repeated nouns
- •3.4. Use one or ones instead of the nouns in italics.
- •3.5. Answer these questions using one or ones.
- •Review Exercises (Demonstrative Pronouns)
- •3.1. Choose the correct variant to fill in the gaps.
- •3.2. Translate the sentences.
- •3.3. Use the information in the box to complete these conversations. Role-play the similar dialogues.
- •4.1. Complete these sentences appropriately by adding possessive pronouns with or without own.
- •4.2. Replace the words in italics by possessive pronouns.
- •4.3. Make a correct choice.
- •4.4. Make sentences with a friend of/ friends of.
- •4.5. Complete the sentences using my own/your own, etc.
- •4.6. Fill in the gaps translating the pronouns.
- •Review Exercises (Possessive pronouns)
- •4.1. Make new sentences using a friend of mine, etc.
- •4.2. In the following story put possessive pronouns in the blank spaces and in place of the words in italics. Retell the story. Dr Swift and the Boy
- •4.3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •5.1. Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.
- •5.2. Complete these sentences with these verbs. Use myself/ yourself, etc. Where necessary.
- •5.3. Change the sentences using by myself/ by yourself, etc.
- •5.4. Make up sentences with reflexive pronouns.
- •5.5. Complete these sentences using on my own/by myself, etc.
- •Review Exercises (Reflexive Pronouns)
- •5.1. Find and correct one mistake in each sentence.
- •5.2. Rewrite the following sentences according to the model. Write some sentences by yourself.
- •5.3. Translate into English.
- •6.1. Use the correct form of the verbs below to complete the sentences.
- •6.2. Complete the sentences with –selves, each other or one another.
- •6.3. Complete the sentences using at, into, of, to, with.
- •Review Exercises (Reciprocal pronouns)
- •6.1. Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
- •6.2. Translate the sentences into English.
- •7.1. Complete the sentences with who, whom, whose, what or which.
- •7.2. Put questions to the bold words.
- •7.3. Make questions. Use what, who, whom or whose.
- •Review Exercises (Interrogative Pronouns)
- •7.1. Choose the correct variant and complete the sentences.
- •7.2. Translate the sentences into English.
- •Unit 8 relative pronouns
- •8.1. Complete the sentences with that, who or which. In some sentences more than one pronoun can be used.
- •8.2. Match the main clauses with the relative clauses.
- •8.3. Omit the relative pronoun where possible.
- •8.4. Take out the relative pronouns whom or which and re-write the sentences putting the prepositions in their proper places.
- •8.5. Combine the two sentences into one.
- •8.6. Add relative clauses to the main sentence.
- •8.7. Fill the gaps in the following sentences with one of the following words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever.
- •Review Exercises (Relative Pronouns)
- •8.1. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
- •8.2. Complete the sentences with your own words.
- •8.3. Translate into English.
- •8.4. Oral/Written. Imagine that you are in a room full of people. You know everyone who is there. Tell who these people are. Describe them using relative pronouns. Begin your story with:
- •Pronouns
- •9.1. Defining pronouns
- •9.2. Indefinite pronouns
- •9.3. Negative pronouns
- •9.1. Change the given sentences into negative sentences and questions.
- •9.2. Supply some or any.
- •9.3. Insert some, any or nor, making the appropriate compounds if necessary.
- •9.4. Insert none or no making appropriate compounds.
- •9.5. Translate the sentences.
- •9.6. Complete the sentences with all, everything, everyone/everybody and the whole.
- •9.7. Supply each, every, both or all in the sentences
- •9.8. Translate into English.
- •9.9. Insert either, neither or both.
- •9.10. Translate into English.
- •9.11. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of other or another.
- •9.12. Translate into English using one, where possible.
- •Review Exercises (Defining, Indefinite, and Negative Pronouns)
- •9.1. Change the following sentences and
- •9.2. Complete the sentences choosing the correct word.
- •9.3. Translate into English
- •9.4. Put in one, either, neither, other, others, the other or some. Retell the story. Halt!
- •Progress Test
- •1. Make a correct choice.
- •2. Choose the suitable pronoun.
- •3. In this dialogue you have to fill in the gaps with pronouns. The Best Critic
- •4. In this story you have to fill in pronouns, where necessary.
- •5. Translate the sentences paying attention to different pronouns.
- •Entry test
- •1. Choose the most suitable word in brackets.
- •2. In the sentences below choose the article which is appropriate.
- •3. Where you find a noun phrase without an article put in a/an or the if necessary.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with a/an or the if necessary.
- •5. Insert a/an or the if necessary.
- •Determiner modifier head qualifier
- •Unit 2 the indefinite and zero articles
- •2.1. The use of the indefinite articles a/an
- •2.2. The use of the zero article (no article)
- •2.1. Rewrite the sentences using singular nouns with a or an if necessary instead of plural nouns in italics.
- •2.2. Correct any errors. Put in a/an or nothing.
- •2.3. Insert a/an, one if necessary.
- •2.4. What are these things?
- •2.5. Write what his or her job is.
- •2.6. Where you find a noun phrase with a singular noun but no article, put in a/an or one if necessary.
- •2.7. What is the difference between (a) and (b) in each pair?
- •2.8. Fill each gap with one suitable collective noun from the table. Mind the articles.
- •2.9. Correct any errors. Put in a/an or nothing.
- •2.10. Rewrite these sentences with rather a/an or quite a/an.
- •2.11. Put in a/an or some or nothing.
- •2.12. Answer these remarks using the words in brackets, as in the example. Mind the articles.
- •2.13. Fill the gaps with a/an, or some where necessary.
- •2.14. You are talking about the holiday you had with a friend. Use these words:
- •2.15. Complete each sentence with one suitable word from the list. Use each word once only.
- •2.16. Complete these sentences using the noun in brackets in the singular or plural form. Mind the article!
- •2.17. Choose one word from the words below to complete each sentence. Mind the article if the word is countable or make it plural as appropriate.
- •2.18. Translate form Russian into English.
- •Review exercises
- •2.1. Complete the sentences. Put in a/an, or some
- •2.2. Complete these sentences with a/an where necessary.
- •2.3. Insert a/ an if necessary
- •2.4. Fill in the gaps if necessary.
- •2.5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Unit 3 the definite article
- •3.1. Choose the correct form, with or without the.
- •3.2. Answer these questions.
- •3.3. Complete these sentences using the with the adjectives in the box. Some of them can be used more than once.
- •3.4. Insert the where necessary.
- •3.5. Put in a/an, the where necessary. Retell the story.
- •3.6. What do you think about these things? Work in pairs. Use:
- •3.7. Put in the definite article where necessary.
- •3.8. Complete these sentences. Put in the where necessary.
- •3.9. Insert the if necessary.
- •3.11. Complete these sentences. Put in the where necessary.
- •3.12. Where you find a noun phrase without a determiner, put in a/an or the if necessary. Retell the story. Which was the fastest?
- •3.13. Complete these sentences. Dramatize the story.
- •3.14. Insert a/an, the or nothing. Dramatize the story.
- •3.15. Use the proper article if necessary. Retell the story.
- •3.16. Use the proper article where necessary. Dramatize the story. A Man with No Juice
- •3.17. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Review exercises
- •3.1. Insert a/an or the if necessary. Retell the story.
- •3.2. Insert a/an, the if necessary. Retell the story. Lovesick teenager snatched from cliff.
- •3.3. Correct errors in these sentences.
- •3.4. Translate from Russian into English.
- •4.1. The Use of Articles with Personal Names
- •4.2. The Use of Articles with Geographical/Topographical Features.
- •1. The is used:
- •2. No article is used:
- •4.3. The Use of Articles with Other Proper Names
- •1. The is used:
- •2. No article is used:
- •4.1. Read the sentences and mark where the should be.
- •4.2. Insert the proper articles where necessary.
- •4.3. Correct any errors. Put in the where necessary.
- •4.4. Insert the if necessary.
- •4.5. Insert the where necessary.
- •4.6. Fill in the blanks where necessary.
- •4.7. Answer these questions. Find out the answers if you don't know them.
- •4.8. Complete these sentences if necessary.
- •4.9. Insert the where necessary and retell the story.
- •4.10. Use the proper article where necessary.
- •4.11. Translate from Russian into English. Retell the story.
- •4.12. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Review exercises
- •4.1. Choose the correct form, with or without the.
- •4.2. Correct any errors.
- •4.3. Translate from Russian into English.
- •4.4. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Unit 5 the use of articles in set expressions
- •5.1. Set Expressions with a/an
- •5.2. Set Expressions with the
- •5.3. Set Expressions with no article
- •5.1. Fill in the gaps using a/an or the if necessary.
- •5.2. Correct any errors where necessary.
- •5.3. Use the proper article where necessary
- •5.4. Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary. Dramatize the story. An Urgent Call
- •5.5. Fill in the gaps with a/an or the if necessary.
- •5.6. Translate into English:
- •5.7. Translate from Russian into English. Reproduce the dialogue.
- •5.8. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Review exercises
- •5.1. Insert articles where necessary.
- •5.2. Correct any errors if necessary.
- •5.3. Complete these sentences with a/an, the where necessary.
- •5.4. Translate into English.
- •Progress test
- •1. Choose the correct alternative in each of the following sentences.
- •2. Use the proper article where necessary.
- •3. Fill in the gaps if necessary.
- •4. Put in a/an, the or nothing.
- •5. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Chapter 6
- •Entry test Unit 2
- •1.1. Definition/ position of prepositions
- •1.2. Prepositions/ adverbs, conjunctions
- •1.3. Types of prepositions
- •1.4. Problems of using
- •Unit 2 prepositions of time
- •2.1. Write at/on/in.
- •2.2. Write at/on/in.
- •2.3. Write at/on/in if necessary.
- •2.5. Two business people are arranging a meeting. Use at, on or in. Write your own dialogue. Act it out.
- •2.6. Translate into English. Use the prepositions at, on, in.
- •2.7. Complete the sentences with in time, on time, just in time.
- •2.8. Translate into English. Use on time or in time.
- •2.10. Translate into English. Use at the end or in the end.
- •2.11. Complete the sentences with for, since, from …to, until.
- •2.12. Put in for or since. Write your own dialogue. Act it out.
- •2.13. Translate into English. Use until/ since/ for/ from…to.
- •2.15. Put in during or while.
- •2.2. Correct the mistakes.
- •2.3. Complete the news item about the British runner Stan Crowe. Put in the missing prepositions.
- •2.4. Translate into English using the prepositions of time.
- •Unit 3 prepositions of place
- •In/ at/ on/ (place) (1)
- •In/ at/ on/ (place) (2)
- •In/ at/ on/ (place) (3)
- •Compare: It was a long voyage. We were at sea for 30 days.
- •Compare: on a bus, on a train, on a plane, on a ship; on a bicycle, on a motorcycle, on a horse; but in a car, in a taxi.
- •3.1. Write in or at.
- •3.2. Complete the sentences with in, at or on.
- •3.4. Complete the following sentences using in, at or on.
- •3.5. Correct the mistakes where necessary, using in, at or on.
- •3.2. Put in the missing prepositions of place.
- •3.3. Complete this story of an imaginary person who spent three years alone on an island. Put in the missing prepositions of place and time.
- •3.4. Translate into English. Use the prepositions of place.
- •Unit 4 prepositions of movement
- •4.1. Put in a preposition up, off, through etc.
- •4.2. Work in pairs. Use the map of your city. Look at the map. Somebody asks you the way to a place and you tell him/her which way to go.
- •4.3. Work in pairs. Think of a place near your Academy.
- •4.4. Put in to, at, in, into.
- •4.5. Write sentences using get into, out of, on, off.
- •4.6. Have you ever been to these places? If so, how many times? When? Write 10 sentences using "been to":
- •4.2. Complete the sentences using the prepositions (of place and movement) in the box. The same preposition can be used several times.
- •4.3. Supply the missing prepositions of place and movement. Two Legs in One Boot
- •4.4. Translate into English. Use the prepositions up, through, past, to, at, in, into, out of, on or no preposition.
- •5.2. Put in the correct prepositions: on, in, at or for.
- •5.3. Put in the correct preposition by/ in/ on or with.
- •5.5. Write your own sentences using by.
- •5.6. Write 10 sentences as in the example. Say about a book, a song, a painting, a film etc.
- •5.7. Put in by/ in/ on (transport).
- •Review exercises
- •5.1. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •5.2. Translate into English. Use the correct prepositions : on, in, at, for, by.
- •Unit 6 word and preposition combinations
- •6.1. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first.
- •6.2. Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
- •6.4. Complete the sentences. Use a preposition after these nouns:
- •6.5. Complete the advertisement for a supermarket. Put in between, for, of, in or with. Write your own advertisement. Read it in front of the class.
- •6.6. Put in at, in or of. Write your own dialogue. Act it out for the class.
- •6.7. Put in by, for, with, in or on.
- •ReviEw exercises
- •6.1. Put in the correct preposition.
- •6.2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. In one sentence two answers are possible.
- •Good/ bad/ excellent/ brilliant/ hopeless etc. At …;
- •But sorry for doing something;
- •7.1. Put in the correct preposition.
- •7.3. Fill in the correct prepositions: of/ for/ in/ to/ on/ with.
- •7.4. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one.
- •7.5. Write sentences about yourself. Are you good at these things or no?. Use:
- •ReviEw exercises
- •7.1. Put in the right preposition.
- •7.2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box
- •8.1. Put in the correct preposition. If no preposition is needed, leave the space empty (–).
- •8.3. Put in the correct preposition.
- •8.5. Put in the correct preposition after the verb.
- •8.7. Complete the sentences using the words in the box:
- •8.8. Put in about, of or to.
- •8.10. Complete the sports commentator’s words. Put in the correct prepositions.
- •Review exercises
- •8.2. Put in the verbs and add a preposition if necessary:
- •Progress test
- •1. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •2. Choose the correct prepositions – a, b, or c (word and preposition combinations).
- •3. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •4. Complete the sentences using the prepositions in the box. If no preposition is needed, leave the space empty (–).
- •Differences between Russian and English prepositions
- •In english no preposition must be used
- •In english a preposition must be used
- •Entry test
- •41. Criteria 42. Heroes 43. Days 44. Mouths 45. Horses 46. Deer 47. Data 48. Wives 49. Mothers-in-law 50. Potatoes 51. Swine 52. Analyses 53. Feet 54. Loaves 55. Lives
- •Review exercises 1
- •Progress test
- •Entry test
- •Review Exercises
- •Progress test
- •Entry test
- •Review Exercises
- •Progress test
- •Entry Test
- •Progress Test
- •Entry test
- •Progress test
- •Chapter 6 prepositions Entry test
- •Review Exercises 2
- •Review Exercises 3
- •Review Exercises 4
- •Review Exercises 5
- •Review Exercises 6
- •Review Exercises 7
- •Review Exercises 8
- •Progress Test
- •Bibliography
- •Dictionaries
- •Практическая грамматика английского языка
- •Часть 1
- •220007, Г. Минск, ул. Московская, 17.
4.7. Translate into English.
Самый чистый, намного чище, самый лучший, значительно лучше, самый длинный, гораздо длиннее, самый трудный, значительно более трудный, богаче, намного богаче, хуже, гораздо хуже, серьезнее, намного серьезнее, более известный, значительно более известный, интереснее, гораздо более интересный, самый занятый, гораздо более занятый, более храбрый, самый храбрый, гораздо более храбрый.
Чем ярче солнце, тем теплее дни. Чем больше учишься, тем больше знаешь. Чем скорее вы придете, тем лучше. Чем раньше встанешь, тем больше сделаешь. Чем меньше читаешь, тем меньше знаешь
UNIT 5 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ing AND -ed
(Interesting/interested)
There are many adjectives that have the same form as participles: his surprising views, he seemed very surprised.
Pairs of adjectives ending in –ing and –ed may cause confusion.
Adjectives ending with –ed are used to show how people feel about something: an interested crowd (= something interested them). I was so excited that I couldn't sleep (= something excited me).
Adjectives ending with –ing are used to describe objects or people that make people feel excited, interested, etc.: The picture is very interesting (= it interests me). Skiing is an exciting sport.
Someone is –ed (bored) if something (or someone) is –ing (boring).
E x e r c i s e s
5.1. Choose the right adjective.
We were (horrifying/horrified) to know about the accident. – We were horrified to know about the accident.
Why do you look so (boring/bored)?
He easily gets (embarrassing/embarrassed).
I was (amazing/amazed) to get such present from him.
Are you (interesting/interested) in politics?
It’s sometimes (embarrassing/embarrassed) to ask for help.
I am (exciting/excited) about moving to a new flat.
She is an (interesting/interested) personality.
The situation is rather (depressing/depressed).
He was (shocking/shocked) to know about it.
He is fond of (shocking/shocked) tricks.
She looked (worrying/worried).
5.2. Make up sentences with pairs of adjectives ending in -ing and –ed.
amazing – amazed fascinating – fascinated
amusing – amused frightening – frightened
annoying – annoyed horrifying – horrified
astonishing – astonished satisfying – satisfied
confusing – confused shocking – shocked
depressing – depressed worrying – worried
embarrassing – embarrassed exciting – excited
Unit 6 substantivation of adjectives
1. Some adjectives may be used as nouns and acquire some or all of the characteristics of the noun. In this case they become substantivized. There are wholly and partially substantivized adjectives.
Wholly subtantivized adjectives may have the plural form, the possessive case, and may be used with articles: native (adj) – a native, the natives, a native’s hut. Some of them may have only the plural form: valuable – valuables, green – greens.
Partially substantivized adjectives denote a whole class and are used like nouns with the definite articles: the blind, the poor.
2. Adjectives denoting nationalities may be wholly or partially substantivized.
Wholly substantivized are the adjectives ending in –an/-ian: a Russian, two Russians, the Russians; a German, two Germans, the Germans.
The adjectives ending in –se and –ss are partially substantivized and the same form is used for singular, plural and to denote the nation on the whole: a Chinese, two Chinese, the Chinese; a Swiss, two Swiss, the Swiss.
The adjectives ending in –sh and –ch are used only to denote the whole nation: the English, the Irish, the Scotch, the French, the Welsh, the Dutch. To denote a person of this nationality or two of them the root-man or -woman is added: an Englishman – two Englishmen; an Englishwoman – two Englishwomen; a Dutchman – two Dutchmen.
Note the exceptions:
adjective a person two persons nation
Spanish a Spaniard two Spaniards the Spanish
Polish a Pole two Poles the Polish/Poles
Danish a Dane two Danes the Danes
Finnish a Finn two Finns the Finns
Swedish a Swede two Swedes the Swedes
Turkish a Turk two Turks the Turks
E x e r c i s e s
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