automobiles

UNIT 9. ENGINES

There are numerous types of motor cars. It is impossible to describe their particular construction in detail. But the classification into groups with respect to their general construction may be undertaken. These are motor cars with carburettor engines and motor cars with diesel engines.

The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. In general, internal combustion engines are used operating with some fuel (petrol, benzol, diesel oil). Depending on their combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classified as

carburettor engines and diesel engines.

Sometimes, the carburettor engines are called light-oil engines and the diesel engines are called heavy-oil engines. Another difference results from the working method of the internal combustion engine. A difference is made between

four-stroke cycle engines end two-stroke cycle engines.

The heat engine is a machine that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. The engines of motor cars, motor cycles, farm tractors, motor boats, etc. are heat engines, which belong to the subgroup of internal combustion engines. Combustion engines may be divided into several types according to the number of piston strokes. Most of modern automotive engines operate on four-stroke cycle. There are also engines which operate on two-stroke and six-stroke cycles.

A diesel engine is a machine which produces power by burning oil in a body of air which has been squeezed to a high pressure by a moving piston. Diesel engines are especially suitable where an independent source of power is required, as in ships, locomotives, mobile equipment of all sorts and isolated power plants.

Steam, gas and oil engines were known and used prior to the invention of the diesel engine. The steam engine converts the heat energy of steam to mechanical energy. A typical steam reciprocation engine consists of a cylinder fitted with a piston. A connecting rod and a crankshaft change the piston to-and-fro motion into rotary motion. The steam pressure on the piston varies during the stroke, and it is a flywheel which maintains a constant output velocity.

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Exercise 1. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

numerous	багаточисельний
carburettor	карбюратор
engine	двигун

internal combustion engine двигун внутрішнього згоряння

heat engine	тепловий двигун
oil engine	двигун, який працює на важко-
petrol engine	му паливі
	бензиновий двигун
reciprocating engine	поршневий двигун
steam engine	паровий поршневий двигун
spark-ignition engine	двигун з іскровим запалюван-
	ням (з примусовим запалюван-
	ням)
compression-ignition	en- двигун внутрішнього згоряння
gine	із запалюванням від стиску,
four-stroke engine	дизель
	чотиритактний двигун
four-cycle engine
fuel-injection engine	двигун з впорскуванням палива
Otto engine	чотиритактний двигун
to convert	перетворювати
piston	поршень
stroke	такт
squeeze	ущільнювати; стискати
pressure	тиск
suitable	підхожий, відповідний
power	енергія, сила, потужність
power plant	силова установка
prior to	до
connecting rod	шатун
crankshaft	колінчастий вал
to-and-fro motion	рух поперемінно в одному або
rotary motion	іншому напрямку
	обертальний рух
to vary	змінюватися

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flywheel	маховик
to maintain	підтримувати
velocity	швидкість

Exercise 2. Find synonyms:
A 1.	engine	B 1.	before
2.	to convert	2.	movement
3.	to press	3.	to differ
4.	suitable	4.	to squeeze
5.	prior to	5.	to work
6.	motion	6.	specific
7.	to vary	7.	proper
8.	to maintain	8.	speed
9.	velocity	9.	to change
10.	particular	10.	to arrange
11.	to classify	11.	to support
12.	to divide	12.	to demand
13.	to operate	13.	motor
14.	to require	14.	to distribute

Exercise 3. Translate into English:

1. Тепловий двигун перетворює теплову енергію в меха-

нічну.

2.Існує декілька типів теплових двигунів, які використовуються на багатьох видах машин.

3.Паровий двигун перетворює теплову енергію пари в механічну.

4.Рудольф Дизель сконструював свій двигун у 1892 році.

5.Дизельні двигуни широко використовуються в наші

дні.

6.Парові, газові та двигуни, що працюють на важкому паливі, були у використанні до винаходу дизельного двигуна.

7.Назва “теплові двигуни” включає в себе багато видів двигунів і турбін.

8.Двигун – це джерело енергії.

9.Теплові двигуни втрачають багато теплової енергії, коли вони виконують механічну роботу.

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10.Іскра запалює суміш бензинової пари і повітря.

11.Роботу двигуна можна розділити на чотири такти.

Exercise 4. Translate into Ukrainian:

1.If the rotary motion is transmitted to the car wheels, the car

will move.

2.If a piston moves in a straight line, its up-and-down movement will be called a reciprocating motion.

3.If the shaft rotates, the crank will swing around in а circle.

4.If the ignition system produces a spark, the mixture will be

ignited.

5.If crude oil is put through a refining process, we shall obtain gasoline.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1.The heat engine is a machine that … heat energy to mechanical energy.

2.… engines may be divided into several types according to the number of piston strokes.

3.A typical steam reciprocating engine consists of a cylinder fitted with a … .

4.A connecting rod and … change the piston to-and-fro motion into … motion.

5.The steam pressure on the piston … during the stroke.

Exercise 6. Change the following sentences according to the model:

Model:

A diesel engine is considered to be a prime mover actuated by gases.

It is considered that a diesel engine is a prime mover actuated by gases.

1.Steam, gas and oil engines are known to have been used prior to the invention of the diesel engine.

2.The name “heat engines” is known to include many types of engines and turbines.

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3.The engine is said to be a source of power.

4.The up-and down movement of the piston is known to be a reciprocating motion.

5.Heat engines are supposed to lose much heat energy when they do mechanical work.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1.What is a heat engine?

2.Into what types may combustion engines be divided?

3.What is a diesel engine?

4.Where are diesel engines especially suitable?

5.What parts does a typical engine consist of?

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UNIT 10. ENGINE OPERATION.

TEXT 1. ENGINE OPERATION

An automobile, powered by a petrol engine, begins to operate when the driver turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft. As the crankshaft revolves, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn from a carburettor into the engine cylinders. The ignition system provides the electric sparks that ignite this mixture. The resultant explosions of the mixture turn the crankshaft, and the engine starts moving. By regulating the flow of the fuel and air with a throttle, the driver controls the rotational speed of the crankshaft.

Exercise 1. Memorize the following words:

to turn	повертати
flywheel	маховик, махове колесо

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1.When does an automobile begin to operate?

2.What ignites the mixture of fuel and air?

3.What do the resultant explosions of the mixture do?

4.How does the driver control the rotational speed of the crankshaft?

TEXT 2. THE CYLINDERS AND PISTONS

A car engine looks like a large block of metal. And it is. It is a large block of cast iron. In this block there are round holes. These holes are the cylinders. The cylinder block of a car usually has four or six cylinders. In the cylinder the power of petrol is controlled.

In each cylinder there is a piston. It can move up and down inside the cylinder. Its shape is like the bottom half of a bottle. It has steel rings round it. These piston rings help it to fit tightly inside the cylinder. A connecting rod comes from inside the piston.

The top of each cylinder is covered. There are three holes in the top. Two are for valves which open and shut. These are the inlet valve and the exhaust valve. The other hole is for the sparking plug.

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When the inlet valve opens, a mixture of air and petrol is sucked into the cylinder.

This mixture fills the space above the piston. When the inlet valve is open the exhaust valve is closed. The sparking plug ignites (fires) the mixture of air and petrol by means of a spark and causes it to explode. Smoke and gases remain after the explosion of the petrol and air mixture. When the exhaust valve opens, the smoke and gases are pushed out of the cylinder.

Exercise 3. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

cast iron	чавун
inlet valve	впускний клапан
exhaust valve	випускний клапан
sparking plug	свічка запалювання

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1.How many cylinders has the cylinder block of a car?

2.How many holes are there in the top of each cylinder?

3.How does the sparking plug ignite the mixture of air and

petrol?

4. How do smoke and gases leave the cylinder?

TEXT 3. THE FOUR-STROKE CYCLE

To complete the firing cycle the piston must move along the cylinder four times. These movements are called strokes.

1. The suction (drawing in) stroke.

In this stroke the piston is moving down the cylinder. The inlet valve is open. A mixture of air and petrol is drawn into the cylinder above the piston.

2. The compression (pressing together) stroke.

In this stroke the piston is moving up the cylinder. Both valves are closed. The piston moves up as far as it can. It pushes the mixture of air and petrol in front of it. It compresses it into the space above the cylinder.

3. The explosion (firing) stroke.

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In this stroke, the spark fires the mixture and it explodes. The energy released by the burning mixture forces the piston down the cylinder.

4.The exhaust (emptying out) stroke.

In this stroke the piston is moving up the cylinder. The exhaust valve is open. Smoke and gases remain after the explosion. The piston pushes them in front of it. They are pushed through the exhaust valve opening. They leave the cylinder through a pipe. Now the cycle begins again.

Exercise 5. Describe the four-stroke cycle using the given words:

to complete, firing, cycle, piston, to move, stroke, suction, inlet valve, to open, air and petrol mixture, to draw into, compression, both, to close, to push, space, explosion, spark, to fire, to explode, energy, to release, exhaust, smoke and gases, to leave, through a pipe.

Exercise 6. Translate into English:

1.Найвище положення поршня у циліндрі називається “верхня мертва точка”, а найнижче – “нижня мертва точка”.

2.Рух поршня від верхньої до нижньої мертвої точки називається тактом.

3.У камері згоряння суміш палива і повітря стискається при русі поршня вгору і запалюється електричною іскрою.

4.Чотиритактний цикл складається з таких тактів: всмоктування, стискання, робочий хід, вихлоп.

5.У карбюраторних двигунах суміш палива і повітря всмоктується в циліндр при русі поршня вниз.

6.Рідке паливо змішується з повітрям і випаровується в карбюраторі.

Exercise 7. Find antonyms:
A 1.	inside	B 1.	large
2.	left	2.	exhaust
3.	bottom	3.	outside
4.	to open	4.	to stop

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5.	inlet	5.	right
6.	to fill	6.	to let out
7.	up	7.	top
8.	to start	8.	to close
9.	small	9.	down
10.	to push down	10.	to emply

Exercise 8. Find synonyms:

A 1. power

2.to shut

3.to let out

4.to work

5.to suck in

6.to begin

7.to connect

8.to ignite

9.to complete

10.suction

B1. to draw in

2.to start

3.to operate

4.energy

5.to put off

6.to close

7.to finish

8.drawing in

9.to link

10.to fire

Exercise 9. Translate into Ukrainian:

The pistons move up and down in the cylinders. They are the first moving part to receive the push of the burning and expanding fuel in the cylinders. Some engines have pistons made of cast iron, but cast iron pistons have the disadvantage of being too heavy for high-speed operation. Other engines use pistons made of light-weight aluminium alloy. Light pistons can be moved up and down in the cylinder faster without wasting as much power.

Exercise 10. Insert the proper terms in the blanks.

accelerates	manual
bore	spark
capacity	stroke
compression ratio	torque

1.The inside diametre of a cylinder is called the … .

2.The total volume of the cylinders is called the … .

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3.A … ignites the fuel-and-gas mixture.

4.The distance the piston moves is the … .

5.The ratio of maximum volume of a cylinder to its minimum volume is the … .

6.The force which produces a twisting movement is called

….

7.When a car speeds up, we say it … .

8.A … action is one performed by hand.

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