donchenko_angliyska_ddlya_psikhologiv_i_sotsiologiv

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IV. Make up disjunctive questions:

1.A role is described as the dynamic expression of a status.

2.Actual role performance usually varies from role expectation.

3.Individuals occupy many statuses at one time.

4.People perform multiple roles.

5.A person has more roles than statuses.

6.Roles attached to different statuses often demand incompatible patterns of behaviour.

V. Explain:

1.the difference between «role» and «status»;

2.the cause of «role strain»;

3.the reason of «role conflict».

VI. Summarize the contents of the text in 10

sentences.
VII.	Identify a number of roles played by:

1)your parents;

2)your close friend;

3)your neighbour;

4)you personally.

VIII.	Read the text and give its general idea in
Russian:
	Dramaturgical Analysis:
	«The Presentation of Self»

Dramaturgical analysis is the analysis of social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance. This approach to the study of social interaction is closely associated with the work of Erving Goffman (1922-1980). Goffman agreed that people socially construct reality, but emphasized that in doing so, they make use of various

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elements of social structure. Thus, like a director carefully scrutinizing actors on a stage, Goffman sought to identify social structures that are used over and over again.

Dramaturgical analysis provides a fresh look at two now familiar concepts. A status is very much like a part in a play, and a role can be compared to a script that supplies dialogue and action to each of the characters. Roles are performed in countless settings that are like a stage in a theatre, and are observed by various audiences. The heart of Goffman's analysis is the process he called the presentation of self, which means the ways in which individuals, in various settings, attempt to create specific impressions in the minds of others. This process is also called impression management, and contains a number of common elements.

IX. Answer the questions:

1.What problem does the text deal with?

2.What kind of analysis is dramaturgical analysis?

3.What does «the presentation of self» mean?

4.What is the other name for it?

X. Play these roles, please:

1.You are the young mother and leader of the Ecology Committee. You want your children to grow up in a clean, traffic-free environment. You are trying to explain your position to a social worker who has come for the permission of a new traffic route in your residential area.

2.You are a sociologist. You are interviewing a married couple that decided to take a child from a foundling home. Find out about their background, and what they can offer a child. Find out why they want to adopt him, and if they are aware of the problems that may arise. Remember, this is a difficult situation for all involved, so your questions should be less direct and more tactful than usual.

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3. You are interviewing a newly-married couple. Try to find out tactfully about their likes and dislikes. Give them some advice if necessary.

WORD STUDY

I. Find in the texts English equivalents for:

соответствующий; приближаться; посредством; одновременно; ряд ролей; вести хозяйство; частичный перечень; несовместимость; следовательно; тесно связан; снова и снова; суть анализа.

II. Read and translate the following words and their derivatives:

interact - interaction - interactant - interacting correspond — correspondence — corresponding —

correspondingly

respond - response - respondent perform — performance

expect - expectation - expectancy

relate — relation — relational — relative — relatively introduce - introduction - introductory incompatible - incompatibility

analyze - analysis - analyst

III. Read and translate the following sentences:

1.The problem must be explained in terms of dialectical materialism.

2.By means of this definition lie managed to explicate the issue.

3.They pointed to the drawbacks of his theory by means of a new hypothesis.

4.In ..terms of his viewpoint the scholar solved this complicated problem.

5.He analyzed the phenomenon of creativity in terms of the new approach.

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6.By means of his analysis they made a correct conclusion.

7.In terms of his interpretation the issue was properly examined.

IV. Make up questions and ask your friend on:

What is ... associated with? What are ... associated with?

V. Complete the following sentences:

1.Single parents experience role conflict in ...

2.I experienced hardships while ... .

3.He experiences true feelings toward ... .

4.Recent years experienced great transformations in ...

.

5.I experience joy when ... .

6.They experience troubles in ... .

VI. Answer:

l. What do you experience when you receive a letter from your girl - (boy-) friend?

2.« if you are telling a lie?

3.« when you cannot get tickets for a concert?

4.	«	when your friend deceives you?
5.	«	if you fail at an examination?
6	«	when you meet your favourite actor

(actress )?

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UNIT VIII

I.Read the text and do exercises that follow it:

Kinds of Groups

We have already found out that sociology, as one of its main objects, studies social institutions and social relations, social bodies and social groups. Sociologists were early concerned with the problem of classifying groups as well. They have proposed many different classificatory schemes for the specific groups. They make up their classifications on the basis of selecting a few properties and define 'types' of groups on the principle whether these properties are present or absent.

Among the properties most often employed are size

(number of members), amount of physical interaction among members, degree of intimacy, level of solidarity, focus of control of group activities and tendency of members to react on one another as individual persons. On the basis of these properties the following kinds of groups have been identified: formal - informal, primary - secondary, small - large, autonomous - dependent, temporary — permanent.

Sometimes sociologists make up their classifications of the groups according to their objectives or social settings. These are such groups as work groups, therapy groups, social groups, committees, clubs, gangs, teams, religious groups, and the like.

II. Answer the following questions:

1.What does sociology study as one of its main objects?

2.What were sociologists early concerned with?

3.They have proposed many different classificatory schemes, haven't they?

4.What is the basis of their classification?

5.What properties are most often employed?

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6.What kinds of groups are identified on the basis of these properties?

7.What other principle do sociologists employ in their classifications?

8.Give examples of formal groups, informal groups, primary groups, secondary groups.

III. Agree or disagree with the following:

Use: You are right.

Sorry, but you are wrong.

1.One of the main objects of the sociologists is to study social bodies and social groups.

2.Sociologists have begun classifying groups quite recently.

3.They make up their group classifications on the basis of a few properties.

4.But sociologists failed to identify these groups.

5.Sometimes they classify groups according to their objectives and social settings.

6.There is no clear-cut difference between primary and secondary groups.

7.Work groups are formal groups.

IV. Find the facts to prove that:

1.Sociologists have proposed many different classificatory schemes of the groups.

2.They have managed to identify some properties for their classifications.

3.They have identified different groups.

4.There are some groups according to their objectives or social settings.

V. Divide the text into three logical parts.

VI. Characterize in brief:

1.Properties of the groups.

2.Group classifications.

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VII. Discuss in the group the following problems:

1.Formal - informal groups.

2.Your own group as a secondary group.

VIII. Read the text and say what is meant by cohesiveness.

The Nature of Group Cohesiveness

The term 'group cohesiveness’ is widely discussed by sociologists. Although different sociologists attribute different properties to the term, most agree that group cohesiveness is the degree to which the members of a group desire to remain in the group. Thus, the members of a highly cohesive group, in contrast to the group with a low level of cohesiveness, are more interested in their membership, in group objectives and activities.

Cohesiveness increases the significance of membership for those who belong to the group.

Cohesiveness, as sociologists state, develops a general group atmosphere that determines members’ reaction to the group as a whole. Some groups are business-like, impersonal and efficient. Others are warm, relaxed and friendly. And still others are full of tension. These differences between groups are the subject of constant sociological research.

IX. Answer: Do you think of your group as cohesive?

Give your reasons.

X. Find in the text synonyms for:

To discover; chief; to be interested in; also; to offer; to choose; on the foundation; to use; to isolate; purpose; environment.

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XI. Answer: What are the sociologists concerned with? Use the words in brackets.

The sociologists are concerned with (social institutions, social relations, social groups, group classification, group properties, group types).

XII. Make up your own sentences with the following word-combinations:

To be concerned with

On the basis of

To employ something

According to

To react on something

And the like

Ask your groupmates to translate them.

XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1.He was greatly concerned with the latest sociological research.

2.In their conversation they concerned a great number of vital problems.

3.His main concern was sociology.

4.They talked much concerning the main points of his report.

5.She was concerned with the problem of social relations at the high level of the society's development.

XIV.	Read and translate the text:

Primary and Secondary Groups

Several times a day, one person greets another with a smile and a simple phrase such as «Hi! How are you?» Of

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course, an honest reply may be actually expected, but not often. Usually the other person responds with a wellscripted «Fine, and how are you?» In most cases, providing a complete account of how one really is doing would lead the other person to make a hasty and awkward exit.

The extent of personal concern for others in social interaction was used by Charles Horton Cooley to draw a distinction between two general types of social groups. The primary group is a social group in which interaction is both personal and enduring. Within primary groups, people have personal and lasting ties Cooley designated as primary relationships. The members of primary groups share broad dimensions of their lives, generally come to know a great deal about one another, and display genuine concern for another's welfare. The family is perhaps the most important primary group within any society.

Cooley used the term primary because social groups of this kind are among the first groups we experience in life and are important in shaping our personal attitudes and behaviour. They are also of major importance in shaping our social identity, which is reflected in the fact that the members of any primary group typically think of themselves as «we».

The strength of primary relationships gives individuals a considerable sense of comfort and security, which is clearly evident in personal performances. Within the familiar social environment of family or friends, people tend to feel they can be themselves and not worry about being continually evaluated by others. At the office, for example, people are usually self-conscious about their clothing and behaviour; at home, they feel free to dress and act more or less as they wish.

Members of primary groups certainly provide many personal benefits to one another, including financial as well as emotional support. But people generally perceive the primary group as an end in itself rather than as a means to other ends. Thus, for example, we expect a family member or close friend to help us without pay when

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we move into a new apartment. At the same time, primary group members usually do expect that such help will be mutual. A person who consistently helps a friend who never returns the favour is likely to feel used and question the depth of the friendship.

A contrasting type of social group is the secondary group: a social group in which interaction is impersonal and transitory. Within a secondary group, which usually contains more people than a primary group, individuals share situational ties that are called secondary relationships. For example, individuals who work together in an office, enroll in the same college course, or belong to a particular political organization usually constitute a secondary group.

The opposite of the characteristics that describe primary groups apply to secondary groups. Secondary relationships involve little personal knowledge and weak emotional ties. They vary in duration, but are usually short-term, beginning and ending without particular significance. True, people may work in an office for decades with the same co-workers, but a more typical example of secondary relationships is students in a college course who never see one another after the semester ends. Since secondary groups are limited to a single specific activity or interest, their members have little chance to develop a deep concern for one another's overall welfare. Secondary groups are less significant than primary groups for personal identity. Although people in a secondary group sometimes think of themselves in terms of «we», the boundary that distinguishes members from nonmembers is usually far less clear than it is in primary groups.

Secondary groups are important mostly as a means of achieving certain specific ends. If relationships within primary groups have a personal orientation, those within secondary groups have a goal orientation. This does not mean that secondary relationships are always formal and unemotional. On the contrary, social interaction with fellow students, co-workers, and business contacts can be