Unit 6. Grammar: 1. Indefinite Passive

2. Both … and; either … or;

neither … nor

Remember the following words and word combinations:

1. alkali ['ælkəlai] 11. rare [rεə]

2. sodium ['səudjəm] 12.therapeutic action [,θerə’pju:tik ‘æk∫n]

3. potassium [pə'tæsjəm] 13.to the extent of [iks’tent]

4. electro-positive[I’lektrəu’pozitiv] 14.rock salt [‘rok’so:lt]

5. univalent [‘ju:ni’veilənt] 15.per cent [pə’sent]

6. compound [kəm’paund] 16.heating [‘hi:tiŋ]

7. decompose [, di:kəm’pəuz] 17.lime [laim]

8. evolution [,i:və’lu:∫n] 18.brine [brain]

9. abundant [ə’bΛndənt] 19.precipitation [pri,sipi’tei∫n]

10. decidedly [di’saididli]

Compounds of Sodium and Potassium.

The alkali metals i.e. lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and calcium were placed into Group I of the Periodic Classification. They are the most strongly electro-positive elements known. The alkali metals are all univalent, and their compounds are soluble in water. They undergo oxidation rapidly on exposure to air¹, and readily decompose water in cold, with evolution of hydrogen and formation of soluble, strongly alkaline hydroxides.

Sodium and potassium compounds are widely distributed and abundant in nature. Lithium compounds are found in comparatively small quantities, while rubidium and caesium are decidedly rare elements. Both sodium and potassium compounds are very widely used in pharmacy, and corresponding compounds of the two metals are similar in therapeutic action.

Compounds of sodium. The chloride, NaCl, is the main compound of sodium that occurs naturally. It is present in seawater to the extent of 2 to 3 per cent, and is also found as rock salt.

The manufacture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hydroxide forms the main branch of the alkali industry. Most of the sodium salts used in pharmacy are made from the carbonate or hydroxide.

Sodium hydroxide contains not less than 95.0 per cent of total alkali, calculated as NaOH, and not more than 2,5 per cent of Na₂CO₃. Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by heating sodium carbonate with water and lime in large iron tanks².

Most of the sodium carbonate is now produced by the ammonia-soda process, in which strong brine that contains a high concentration of ammonia is passed through a “carbonating tower”³ where it is saturated with carbon dioxide under pressure. The ammonia and carbon dioxide decompose with sodium chloride with the precipitation of sodium bicarbonate which is not quite soluble in water, and is still less soluble in brine.

Notes

1. on exposure to air – під дією повітря

2. iron tanks – металічні ємкості

3. “carbonating tower” – вуглецева (карбонатна) колонка.

Exercises

Ex.1. Add -ly to the adjectives to form adverbs, and translate:

strong – simple –

positive – high –

active – principal –

ready – absolute –

cold – warm –

similar – free –

chief – pure –

total – ordinary –

large –

Ex.2. Put the words into the right columns according to the part of speech:

Adverbs	Adjectives	Nouns	Verbs
(5)	(11)	(21)	(8)

Soluble, solution, solubility, to solve; valent, valency; oxidation, oxide, to oxidize; rapidly, rapid, rapidity; evolution, to evolve; alkali, to alkalise, alkaline, alkaloid; widely, width, wide, to widen; abundance, abundant, abundantly; to act, active, activity, action, actor; nature, naturally, to naturalize, denaturalisation; industry, industrial, industrially; to heat, heating, hot; to produce, production, productivity, producer, productive.

Ex.3. Put in either…or, neither…nor, both…and into the gaps:

1. … sodium … potassium belong to Group I of the Periodic Classification.

2. The compounds of sodium and potassium are … widely distributed … widely used.

3. Most of the sodium salts used in pharmacy are manufactured … from the carbonate … from the hydroxide.

4. … rubidium … caesium are abundant or widely distributed in nature.

5. NaCl occurs naturally … in seawater … in rock.

6. … water … brine are good solvents for sodium bicarbonate.

7. For purification, mercury is … distilled from iron retorts … shaken with 5 per cent nitric acid.

8. Mercury is not acted upon by hydrochloric acid, … dilute … concentrated.

9. Ampoules are filled by two methods: … by weighing-off the dried substances into individual ampoules … by drying-out the aqueous solutions within the sealed final containers.

Ex.4. Ask questions to the words in bold type:

Model: The amount of unsaturated acids is indicated by the iodine value. →

What is the amount of unsaturated acids indicated by?

1. Sodium salts are made from the carbonate or hydroxide.

2. The alkali metals are distinguished by their great affinity (готовність до сполучення) for oxygen.

3. Sodium and potassium are similar in therapeutic action.

4. Strong brine is passed through a “carbonating tower.”

5. Brine and ammonia are saturated with carbon dioxide.

6. Commercial mercury is mostly extracted from cinnabar.

7. Mercury was shaken with 5 per cent nitric acid for purification.

8. Refined and unrefined sunflower oils are used for cooking.

9. D.I.Mendeleyev was interested in mathematics, physics and chemistry.

10. His life was devoted to the scientific progress of his country.

Ex.5. Put the verb in brackets in the correct Tense, Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive:

1. The elements (to arrange) by D.I. Mendeleyv according to a definite system.

2. The compounds of sodium and potassium (to employ) very widely in pharmacy.

3. The experiment (to carry on) next month.

4. Most of the sodium carbonate (to manufacture) by the ammonia-soda process.

5. As we know, the reaction of this type (to follow) by temperature rise.

6. These methods (to introduce) to pharmaceutical industry some years ago.

7. Salts (to produce) by the interaction of acid and bases.

8. The results of the experiments (to discuss) at the tomorrow’s conference.

9. At the time when Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table (to publish), only 63 elements (to know).

Ex.6. Find the equivalents in the text:

Лужні метали; найбільш електропозитивні серед відомих елементів; всі вони одновалентні; розчинні у воді; зазнають бурхливого окислення під дією повітря; з виділенням гідрогену; широко розповсюджені і зустрічаються у великій кількості; безперечно рідкісні елементи; відповідні сполуки цих двох металів; кам’яна сіль; основна галузь лужної промисловості; їдкий натр; він містить не менш ніж; виробляється шляхом нагрівання карбонату натрію з водою та вапном; концентрований соляний розчин (ропа); насичується діоксидом карбону під тиском; з утворенням осаду бікарбонату натрію; ще менш розчинний.

Ex.7. Re-arrange the titles of the paragraphs in the correct order to make up a plan of the text:

1. The main branch of the alkali industry.

2. The manufacture of sodium carbonate.

3. General properties of the alkali metals.

4. Sodium salt manufactured by heating sodium carbonate with water and lime.

5. Compounds of alkali metals: distribution and abundance in nature.

6. The main naturally occurring compound of sodium.

Ex.8. Find the answers to the following questions in the text:

1. What kind of elements are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium?

2. What group of the periodic Classification do they belong to?

3. When do these metals undergo rapid oxidation?

4. Are the alkali metals abundant or rare in nature?

5. Which of the alkali metals are widely employed in pharmacy?

6. What is the main naturally occurring compound of sodium?

7. Where does NaCl occur?

8. What does sodium hydroxide contain?

9. How is sodium hydroxide manufactured at present?

10. What is the way of manufacturing sodium carbonate?

Ex.9. Match the lines in A with the lines in B, translate:

A

B

Before filling with a medicinal substance, ampoules The washed, non-sterile ampoules After cooling, the trays with sterilized ampoules The filling of ampoules All parts of the filling machine which come in contact with the medicinal substance For parenteral use the dry sodium salt of penicillin^2 By the first method of filling, a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium penicillin The dried material The powder obtained The required quantity of the medicinal substance After filling by the first method, the ampoules By the other method of filling, the concentrated solution of penicillin The method of drying-out the aqueous solutions of penicillin salts within the final containers Nevertheless, the method of weighing-off the bulk of the dried salt into individual ampoules, though more laborious and time-consuming^5

a) are dismantled, cleaned and sterilized every day. b) are washed with ordinary water and then with pyrogen free water. c) is usually dispensed into ampoules in amounts of 100, 000 or 200,000 units. d) is ground to a fine powder. e) are sealed with sterilized rubber caps or stoppers and then removed from the sterile area to be covered with metal covers, labelled and packed. f) is then measured off into the ampoules by hand or automatically. g) is carried out in a small air-conditioned room under a hood equipped with ultra-violet lamps. h) is subjected to the routine tests (potency, toxicity, pyrogen content, sterility, moisture content). i) is practiced more commonly at large penicillin plants. j) is dried in bulk^3 in the frozen state. k) are conveyed to the automatic filling machines. l)is also widely used with equally good results as to sterility and keeping power^4. m) are charged into sterilizers that have two doors at the opposite ends: one door for charging, the other for removing ampoules after sterilization. n) is put into ampoules in the required quantities, generally by means of an automatic filling machine^6.

Notes

1. pyrogen-free distilled water – дистильована вода, очищена від пірогену

2. sodium salt of penicillin – пеніцилін-натрієва сіль

3. in bulk – насипом, всім об’ємом

4. as to sterility and keeping power – що стосується стерильності і збереження активності

5. though more laborious and time-consuming – хоча і є більш трудомістким і забирає багато часу

6. by means of an automatic filling machine – з допомогою автоматичного наповнювача.