INDEX

A priori (abstract) judicial review, 1:188
A priori posteriori (concrete) judicial review, 1:188
Absolute monarchy, 1:202
Accommodationism, 2:833–834
religion and, 2:852–853
Accountability
bureaucracy and, 2:748
democratic, 1:174–175, 268
of nonstate actors, 1:419
Acculturation, 2:833
Acid rain, 1:445
Actual idealism, 2:642
Actual surplus, 1:102
Adams, John, 2:690–691
Adams, Sam, 2:690–691
Additional member system, 1:160–161
Administrative man, 1:35–36
Adorno, Theodor, 1:55, 252
Adverse selection, 1:43, 44
Advertising, political, 2:710
Advocacy coalition framework, 2:793
Afghanistan
democracy and, 1:214
nationalism in, 2:637
post-Taliban elections, 1:164–165
war on terrorism and,	2:824
Africa
communism in, 2:674	1:47
economic policy and,
Main topics and page numbers are in bold.

See also individual country

African Americans, 2:836–837

Agonistic pluralist theory, 2:611–612

Agrarian parties, 1:151

AIDS, 1:237, 2:858, 861–862

Al Qaeda, 1:118–119, 120, 121, 122, 2:824

Albania, 1:145
Albany Plan of Union, 2:687
Al-Farabi, 2:570, 2:572
Algeria
Mediterranean Action Plan, 1:427
rentier effects in, 1:398–399
Alighieri, Dante, 2:582–583
All courts model of judicial review, 1:188
Allende, Salvador, 1:178, 182
Allison, G. T., 1:36–37
Allison, Graham, 2:790–791, 826
Al-Mahdi, Muhammad, 2:571
Almond, Gabriel, 1:6, 39, 71, 72, 75, 76, 83, 93,
201–202,	2:753–754, 757
American Political Science Association (APSA), 2:605
Anabaptists, 2:585
Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 2:499
Analytic structures, 1:78
Anarchism, 2:625–632
anarchist feminism,		2:629
classic thinkers on,		2:626–627
common ideas in, 2:630–631
contemporary variants,			2:627–629
feminist, 2:629			2:628–629
ontological anarchism,

philosophical anarchism, 2:630 postanarchism, 2:629 primitivism, 2:628 1: security dilemma and, 378 social ecology, 2:627–628 terrorism, 1:117 2:

theory and practice, 630–631

Ancients, 2:553–559 2: authenticity problem, 557 common ground among, 2:554–556

865

866 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

human nature, 2:555–556
interpretation problem, 2:557
nature, 2:554–555
next step, 2:558–559
polis, 2:556
study of ancient political philosophy, 2:556–559
truth problem, 2:557–558
Anderson, Benedict, 2:635
Androcentrism, 2:860–861
Angell, Norman, 1:321
Anomic interest groups, 2:753
Anticolonial nationalism, 2:636–637
Antiessentialism, 2:629
Anti-federalism, 2:695
Antiglobalization,	2:627–628
Anti-Malthusian, 1:442–443
Antirealism, Duverger’s law and, 2:453
Anti-Socialist Laws, 2:656
Appellate courts, 1:189–190
Aquinas, Thomas,	2:581–582, 588
Arab nationalism,	2:636–637
Arab socialism, 2:677
Arendt, Hannah, 1:252
Argentina, decentralized education in, 1:174
Aristotle, 1:61, 62, 75, 94, 269,		2:554, 555,
556, 558, 559, 588
Arrow, Kenneth, 1:37, 273, 2:537, 608
Arrow’s paradox, 2:608, 2:609
Art sabotage, 2:628
Articles of Confederation, 2:689–690
Aryan myth, 2:642–643
Asia
adoption of communism in, 2:674
democratic breakdown in, 1:279
See also Asian political thought;
individual country
Asian political thought, 2:560–567
classical Asia, 2:561–562
colonial Asia, 2:562–563
cultural grounding of concepts, 2:565–566
modern Asia, 2:564–565
theoretical approach, 2:560–561
Asian values, 1:254
As-if-random conditions, 2:527–528
Assimilation, 2:833
Associational interest groups, 2:753
Atheism, 2:850
Athens, democracy in, 1:268–269
At-large elections,	2:704

Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 2:618 Atomization, 1:20 2: Attitudes, political, gender effect on, 841

Attitudinal model 2:

of judicial behavior, 735–736 of judicial decision making,

1:187–188 1: Attribution theory, 2:54 Augustine (Saint), 579–580 Australia 1:

as federal system, 169

high courts in, 1:188, 190 1: two-and-a-half party system in, 154

Austria, as federal system, 1:169 Austrian School, 2:618 1: Authoritarian personality, 551: Authoritarian states, types of, 94–95

bureaucratic-authoritarian system, 1:94 corporatist state, 1:941: neopatrimonial state, 94–95 patron–client relationship, 1:95–96 posttotalitarian state, 1:95

totalitarian state, 1:95

Authoritarianism. See Semiauthoritarianism;

Totalitarianism and authoritarianism

Autonomy 2: bureaucracy and, 749 of the state, 1:92

Averroes, 2:573

Avicenna, 2:573

Ba’athism, 2:637, 677

Bacon, Francis, 2:589, 687

Bagdikian, B., 2:709

Baker v. Carr, 2:782

Bakunin, Mikhail, 2:626, 649

Balance of power, 1:361–367 bandwagoning and, 1:363 collective security and, 1:363

core concepts/dynamics of, 1:361–363 emergence in practice, 1:363

French threat in Europe, 1:364 in nuclear age, 1:365–366

in 20th century, 1:364–365 institutionalization of, 1:363–364 origins of, 1:363–366

polarity and, 1:362–363 soft balancing, 1:366 unipolar system, 1:366

Ballot structure, 1:160

Bandwagoning, 1:363

Baran, Paul, 1:101, 102, 103

Barber, James, 1:355–356

Barres, Maurice, 2:640

Baudrillard, Jean, 1:16, 19

Bay of Pigs, 2:677
See also Cuban missile crisis
Beard, Charles A., 2:695–696
Bebel, August,	2:655, 2:657
Beblawi, H., 1:335–336
Begin, Menachem, 1:354
Behavioral economics, 1:52
Behavioral revolution, as root of neoinstitutionalism,
1:22–23	1:3–4, 1:6–8
Behavioralism,				1:6–8
“Consensus and Ideology in American Politics,”
definition and overview, 1:6
major tenets of, 2:464–465
political science and, 2:453–454
Strauss’s criticism of, 1:61
Belarus, 1:340–341, 355
Belgium, 1:146, 174
Belief sampling, 2:516
Bell, D. A., 2:565–566
Bentham, Jeremy, 1:129, 320, 2:595, 828
Berelson, B. R., 2:814
Berger, Peter L., 1:211
Berns, W. 1:66
Bernstein, Eduard, 2:656, 657–658, 661
Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 1:71
Besci, Z., 1:134–135
Bey, Hakim, 2:628
Bias in media,	2:709–710
Bicameralism,	1:169
Big shuffle concept, 1:96
Bill of Rights, 2:696–697
bin Laden, Osama, 1:118–119, 120, 122,			2:824
Biocapacity, 1:135
Biological determinism, 2:642–643
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, 2:776–777, 802
Bisexual movement,		2:858–859
Bivariate regression,		2:478–481
Black, Bob, 2:627–628
Blackmail potential party system, 1:154
Blair, Tony, 1:339
Bloom, Allen, 1:63, 66
Bloomington school,		1:39
Blumenthal, Sidney,		2:797
Bodin, Jean, 2:585, 2:589
Bolsheviks, 2:667–668
Bonding social capital, 1:195
Bookchin, Murray, 2:627, 2:628–629
Bosnia, 1:215,	2:637
Bounded rationality,		1:35–37, 52, 380
Bourgeois democracy, 2:652
Bourgeoisie, 2:652, 657, 665
tolerance of,	2:678

			Index • 867
Brazil, 1:161, 169, 174
Breakthrough coup, 1:126
Breuning, M., 2:492
Brezhnev, Leonid, 2:669
Bridging social capital,	1:195
“Bringing state back in” concept, 1:91, 92–93
Brown, L. Susan, 2:629
Brown v. Board of Education, 2:701, 833, 836
Bryce, James, 1:3
Buchanan, James, 1:37–38, 40
Buddhism, 2:566
Budge, I., 1:156
Bureaucracy, American
accountability issues,	2:748
American foreign policy and, 2:826–827
applications and empirical evidence,			2:746–748
autonomy issues, 2:749
critique of, 2:746, 747
defining bureaucracy, 2:743–744
development of, 2:744
early scholarship on,	2:744–745
empirical studies on,	2:748
future research issues, 2:749–750			2:745–746
organization of modern bureaucracy,
policy and, 2:747, 748–749
radical comprehensive approach to, 2:747
scientific management theory on, 2:747
testing theories of, 2:747–748
U.S. Congress and, 1:48,		2:721–722
Bureaucratic efficiency vs.		individualized

justice, 1:13, 19 1: Bureaucratic politics model (BPM), 340 Bureaucratic-authoritarian system, 1:94, 253 Burke, Edmund, 2:593–594, 621

Bush, George H. W., 2:728, 774

Bush, George W., 1:179, 182, 340, 353–354,

2:761, 775, 824

Cabinet staffing, by president, 2:727–728

Calhoun, John, 2:760–761

Calvin, John, 2:584–585, 2:587–588

Campaign advertising, 2:800–801

Campaign effects, 2:802

Campaign financing, 2:776–777

Campaigns, 2:796–804 advertising, 2:800–801 campaign effects, 2:802 fund-raising, 2:797, 801–802 gender differences in, 2:800, 843 levels of, 2:796–800 2:

negative campaign ads, 710, 801 partisan, 2:799–800

868 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE
policy implications, 2:802
political consultants, 2:798–799
professionalism in, 2:799
state-level, 2:798
theory on, 2:796–797
top-of-the-ticket contests, 2:798
Campbell, A., 2:817–818
Canada
decentralized education in, 1:174
ethnic conflict in,	1:143
as federal system,	1:169, 172
financial crisis in,	1:402
high courts in, 1:188, 190
NAFTA and, 1:426–427
party capability thesis and, 1:190
regionally concentrated ethnic groups in, 1:146
two-and-a-half party system in,		1:154	2:648,
Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Marx),
649–650, 665
Capitalism
center–periphery structure in, 1:102
Marxism on rise and collapse of, 2:652
semi-periphery structure in, 1:103
Cardoso, Fernando, 1:104
Carey, John, 1:178
Cartel parties, 1:154
Carter, Jimmy, 1:354, 2:728, 774
Carter, Ralph, 2:825, 2:826
Case studies, 1:293–299		1:294, 295
comparative, across-case study,
comparative politics example, 1:298
configurative-idiographic study,		1:295
crucial case study,	1:295
debate within discipline, 1:294–297
disciplined-configurative study,		1:295
examples of approach, 1:297–299
heuristic case study, 1:295
individual, within-case study, 1:294

international relations example, 1:298–299
least-likely case study, 1:295
micronumerosity in, 1:296
most-likely case study, 1:295
structured, focused comparison in, 1:297
in urban politics, 1:31
U.S. politics example, 1:297–298
Castro, Fidel, 2:677
See also Cuba
Catchall parties, 1:153–154
Categorical ballot, 1:160
Catholicism. See Christian political thought
Caucus for a New Political Science,	1:8
Census outbidding, 1:220

Center–periphery, 1:102
Centralization,	1:169
Centralpetalism, 1:171			1:155
Centrifugal party system,
Centripetal party system,			1:155
Chaos theory, 1:402
Chavez, Hugo, 1:263, 264
Checks and balances, 2:693
Chicago School, 1:6
China
adoption of communism in, 2:674
ethnic conflict in, 1:143
Maoism, 2:669–670, 677–678
nuclear weapons in, 1:378
rivalry formation policy in, 1:382
social movements in, 1:231
See also Asian political thought
Chirac, Jacques, 1:182
Chomsky, Noam, 2:627
Christian democratic parties, 1:151
Christian political thought, 2:577–586
Anabaptists,	2:585
Aquinas on,	2:581–582
Augustine on, 2:579–580
Bodin on, 2:585
Calvin on, 2:584–585
civil disobedience, 2:586
contemporary manifestations, 2:585–586
Dante on, 2:582–583
emergence in classical world, 2:578–579
Hooker on, 2:585
John of Salisbury, 2:580–581
liberation theology, 2:586
Luther on, 2:583–584
Marsilio de Padua on, 2:583
Reformation and, 2:578, 583–584
Citizenship, defining, 2:659
City of God (Augustine),			2:579–580
City of Man (Augustine),			2:580
Civic culture, political culture and, 1:201–202
Civil law system, 1:187
Civil nationalism,		2:636
Civil Rights Act, 2:837
Civil rights movement, 1:227
Civil society, 1:193–200
associational life, importance of, 1:194, 198
defining, 1:196,		1:268
democracy and,		1:196–197
lines of research, 1:197–198
measurement issues, 1:198–199
social capital, 1:193, 194–195
social networks,		1:193, 195–196

technology and, 1:199 1: tertiary associations in, 199 traditional vs. alternative, 1:198

Civil wars, 1:107–114 1: conceptual definition of, 110 death totals as metrics for, 1:110–111 ethnic conflict, 1:111

failed states and, 1:109, 110 greed as cause of, 1:1121: grievances as cause of, 112–113

internal political violence vs., 1:108–110 interstate wars vs., 1:107–108

levels of analysis, 1:111–112 policy implications, 1:113 relative depravity and, 1:111 secessionist conflicts, 1:109 social revolutions, 1:109–110 state-based explanations of, 1:113 weak states and, 1:109, 113

Clash of civilizations, 1:147–148, 206–207, 212

Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), 1:212 Class-action lawsuit, 2:756 1:

Classic subtype of democracy, 260

Classical constructivism, 2:472

Classical realism, 1:312, 313–315

Classical republicanism, 2:687

Climate change, 1:335–337

Clinton, Bill, 1:178, 2:706, 728, 774, 824 Closed list party system, 1:160 Close-ended questions, 2:515–516 Coalition potential party system, 1:154 Coase, Ronald, 1:46 R 2:

Coefficient of determination ( 2), 481–483 Cognitive consistence theory, 1:55, 56 Cognitive dissonance, 1:55–56 Cohabitation, 1:178

Cold war
democratic peace and, 1:390
deterrence theory during, 1:369–370
rivalry formation policy during, 1:382
Soviet Union and, 1:381–382, 2:637
Coleman, J. S., 1:76, 194–195
Collective efficacy, 1:20
Collective security, balance of power and, 1:363
Collectivist-civic nationalism, 1:220
Collectivist-ethnic nationalism, 1:220
Colonialism, 1:280
dependency theory on, 1:329
Commercial pacifism, 1:320	2:703–704
Commission form of city government,
Common law legal system, 1:187
Common Sense (Paine), 2:593, 619

Index • 869

Common sense problem, Straussians and, 1:61–62 Communal contenders, 1:143

Communism

Marx on, 2:653

See also Leninism, communism, Stalinism, and Maoism; Marxism

Communist Manifesto, The (Marx & Engels), 2:648, 649, 653, 655, 665 1:

Communist parties, 151 1:

Comparative, across-case study, 294, 295

Comparative case study, 1:31

Comparative environmental politics and conflict, 1:242–248 1:

conflict types, 244

critique of, 1:244–245 1: environmental scarcity theory, 243 group identity conflicts, 1:245–246 insurgencies, 1:244 1:

policy implications, 246

simple scarcity conflicts, 1:244, 245 social ingenuity and, 1:246 1:

social pressures leading to conflict, 243–244 technical ingenuity and, 1:246

Comparative federalism, confederalism, unitary system, 1:168–176

bicameralism, 1:169 centralization in, 1:169 centralpetalism of, 1:171

confederal system, 1:169, 170–171, 172–173 decentralization in, 1:169, 171–72, 174 democratic accountability in, 1:174–175 education issues in, 1:174

federal system, 1:168–170, 173–174 future research issues, 1:174–175 language issues in, 1:174

policy implications, 1:173–174 territorial system, 1:169–170 theory on, 1:169–171

unitary system, 1:168, 171–172, 174 Comparative foreign policy (CFP), 1:338

Comparative judicial politics, 1:186–192 attitudinal model of judicial decision making,

1:187–188 1: Constitutional/appellate courts, 188–190 courts and legal system, 1:186–187 inquisitorial model, 1:1901:

judicial decision making, 187–188

judicial independence in comparative perspective,

1:190 1: judicial review in comparative perspective, 189–190 legal model of judicial decision making, 1:187

party capability research, 1:190

870 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

strategic model of judicial decision making, 1:188
trial courts and juries, 1:190–191
Comparative methods, 1:283–292
applications, 1:289–290
congruence method, 1:288
deinductive approach, 1:285
equifinality problem, 1:288
formal modeling, 1:285, 286–287, 290
future research issues, 1:291
game theory, 1:287, 288–289, 290
goals of research, 1:285
inductive approach, 1:284, 290
interdeterminacy and, 1:286
lagged time-series data, 1:289–290
measurement issues, 1:287
network analysis, 1:285
probit analysis, 1:289
qualitative, 1:285, 286, 287, 288, 289
quantitative, 1:285, 286, 287–288, 289–290
rational choice–driven game theory, 1:285, 286
scope of research and, 1:285–286
statistical models, 1:286
theory and fact mediation in, 1:284
theory assessment,	1:287–289
theory generation and, 1:284–285
Comparative political parties: Systems and
organizations, 1:150–158
agrarian parties, 1:151
blackmail potential party system, 1:154
cartel parties, 1:154
catchall parties, 1:153–154
centrifugal party system,		1:155
centripetal party system,		1:155
Christian democratic parties, 1:151
coalition potential party system, 1:154
communist parties, 1:151
conservative parties, 1:151
decline of parties, 1:156–157
ecological parties,	1:151
election rules and,	1:154
elite parties, 1:153
first-past-the-post party system, 1:154
fragmentation of party, 1:155
functional cleavages and, 1:151
future of parties/party system, 1:157–158
government formation, 1:155–156
ideological distance and,		1:154–155
liberal parties, 1:151
mass parties, 1:153
minimal winning coalition, 1:156
moderate multipartism system, 1:155
multiparty system,	1:154

party families, 1:151
party in central office, 1:152
party in public office, 1:152–153
party on the ground,	1:152
party organizations, 1:152–154
party system, 1:154–155
polarized multipartism system, 1:155
political party formation, 1:150–152
predominant party system, 1:155
regional/ethnic parties, 1:151
segmented multipartism system, 1:155
socialist parties, 1:151–152
territorial cleavages and, 1:151
two-and-a-half party system,		1:154
See also Electoral system in
comparative perspective
Comparative politics
example of case study on, 1:298
game theory in, 2:547–548
neoinstitutionalism and, 1:24
Comparative statics, 2:536
Competitive authoritarianism, 1:261, 262
Complex interdependence and globalization,
1:401–406
complex interdependence, 1:322, 324
deglobalization and,	1:402	1:402
economic globalization and,
environment and, 1:403		1:404–405
future conceptual directions,
global governance and, 1:402–403
global networks, 1:402–403
globalization theory,	1:401–402
labor insecurity and,	1:403
least-developed countries and, 1:401
multinational corporations and, 1:401
network effects and,	1:402

policy implications of, 1:403–404
social globalization and, 1:402
Westernization and, 1:404–405
Computer waste, 1:440	2:495
Computer-assisted content analysis,

Comte, Auguste, 2:461–462 Concrete structure, 1:78 2: Condorcet (Marquis de), 536–537

Confederal system, 1:169, 170–171, 172–173 Configurative-idiographic case study, 1:295 Congress. See U.S. Congress

Congruence method, 1:288

Consensual democracy, 1:271

“Consensus and Ideology in American Politics”

(McClosky), 1:6–8

Consent, 2:591

Conservatism, 2:620–622
See also Liberalism, conservatism, and
libertarianism, modern
Conservative nationalism, 2:636
Conservative parties, 1:151
Consociational democracy, 1:271
Consolidated democracy, 1:389
Constant, Benjamin, 2:595
Constitution of the United States, 2:690–697
Constitutional convention, 2:690–691, 762–763
Constitutional courts model of judicial review, 1:188
Constitutional development, influences on, 2:685–687
Constructive vote of confidence, 1:180
Constructivism, 2:470–477
criticisms of, 2:474
defining, 2:471–472
empirical research program, 2:473–474
on ethnic identity, 1:142, 218
future research issues, 2:474–475
on international organizations/regimes, 1:427
on international relations, 1:307
on nonstate actors, 1:416
postmodernism and, 1:12
types of, 2:472–473
Contagion effects, of ethnic conflict, 1:146
Containment policy, 2:824
Content analysis, 2:490–496
coding, 2:491
computer-assisted, 2:493–94, 2:495
defining, 2:490–492
design issues, 2:493–494
forms of, 2:492–493
future research issues, 2:495–496
human coders,	2:494–495
intercoder reliability, 2:494–495
latent/manifest content, 2:492
qualitative, 2:492
quantitative, 2:492
thematic coding in, 2:492–494
Contextualizing, 2:558
Continuous revolution, 2:670
Contract With America, 2:774
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary
Air Pollution (LRTAP), 1:445
Conventional constructivism, 2:472
Conventional things, 2:554
Converse, Philip,	2:828, 829
Cooper, Richard,	1:33
Copernicus, 2:588–589
Corporatist state,	1:94

Corruption, 1:47 2:

Cost of reproduction, 650

Index • 871

Cost–benefit analysis, 2:792
Council-manager form of city government, 2:703
County government, 2:783–784
Coups d’état. See Political and military coups
Courts
presidency and, 2:731
U.S. Congress and, 2:721
women in, 2:844, 845
See also International law; Judicial politics,
American
Covering law, 1:354
Criminology
critical, 1:13
misunderstandings about crime, 1:13, 20
new penology, 1:18
punishment,	1:16
sex offenders, 1:15
social construction of crime problems, 1:17
Critical citizen, 1:207
Critical constructivism, 2:472–473
Critical criminology, 1:13
Critical juncture concept, 1:289
Critique of Pure Reason		(Kant), 2:594
Croatia, 1:215,	2:637
Croly, Herbert,	2:619	2:520–521
Cross-cultural methods,
Cross-sectional analysis, 2:498–499
Crozier, Michel, 2:746
Crucial case study, 1:295
Cuba
adoption of communism in, 2:674
socialism in,	2:676–677
Cuban missile crisis, 1:36–37, 354, 2:790
Cuius regio, eius religio, 2:634
Cult of a strong authority, 2:641
Cult of personality, 2:668–669
Cultural authoritarianism, 1:255
Cultural factorism in ethnic conflict, 1:145
Cultural heterogeneity, 2:635
Cultural homogeneity, 1:278–279
Cultural modernization,		1:162–163
Customary law, 1:434
Cyber crime, 1:309
Cyclical majorities preference pattern, 2:608–609

Dahl, Robert, 1:6, 267, 270, 2:606–607, 699–700, 754 Damasio, Antonio, 1:57

Daoism, 2:566 2:

Darwin, Charles, 665–666

Darwinism, 1:75 2:

De Man, Hendrik, 658

De Monarchia (Dante), 2:582–583

872 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

De Zwart, Frank, 1:13–14
Decentralization,	1:169, 171–172, 174
Decision making.	See Leadership and
decision making
Decision trees, 1:26			1:189–190
Declaration of improbability,
Declaration of Independence,			2:688–689
Decolonization, 1:253
Deconstruction, 1:15
Deep ecology, 1:443–144
Defective democracy, 1:260
Defensor Pacis (Marsilio de Padua), 2:583
Deforestation, 1:440
Deinductive approach, 1:285
Delegative democracy,		1:271–272
Deliberative democracy, 1:272,				2:608
Deliberative polling technique,				2:612–613
Demand scarcity,	1:243
Demobilization hypothesis, 2:710
Democracy
bourgeois, 2:652
civil society and, 1:196–197
ideal of, 2:755
media role in, 2:708–709
role of middle class in rise of, 1:82–83
See also Democratic peace; Democratization,
processes of; Models of democracy
Democratic accountability, 1:174–175
Democratic autonomy,		1:272–273
Democratic centralism,		2:670
Democratic goods, 1:163
Democratic pacifism (monadic), 1:386
Democratic peace, 1:384–392
cold war and, 1:390
counterarguments, 1:388–390					1:388–389
defining democracy and peace,
democratic pacifism (monadic),					1:386
democratic peace (dyadic),			1:386–387
developing vs. consolidated democracy,
1:389
initiates of war and, 1:389–390
policy implications of, 1:390–391
realist counterargument to,			1:390
states/sovereignty and, 1:384–386
variations within states, 1:385–386
Democratic peace theory (DPT), 1:320, 325
Democratic revisionism, 2:656–658
Democratic transitions,		2:612

Democratization 1:

third wave of, 255

See also Democratic peace; Democratization, processes of; Models of democracy

Democratization, processes of, 1:275–282
agency and advocacy,		1:279–280
economic preconditions, 1:277–278
external actors, 1:280		1:280–281
future research issues,
modernization, 1:276–277
policy implications,	1:280
social preconditions, 1:278–279
three waves of democratization, 1:276
timing, sequencing, and politics, 1:279
Democrats, 2:772–275
Demonstration effect,	1:402
Deng Xiao Ping, 2:565
Dependency and development, 1:99–106
dependency theory overview, 1:101
dependent development, 1:104–105
“development of underdevelopment,” 1:101, 102
Lenin and, 1:100–101		1:99–100, 101, 102
Marxist influence on,
modern world-systems and, 1:102–103
structuralism and, 1:103–104
surplus value theory and, 1:102
Dependency and world-systems, 1:327–335
critical evaluation of, 1:332–333
dependency overview, 1:328–331
dependent development, 1:330–331
empirical evidence for, 1:333
international trade, 1:410
neocolonialism and,	1:329
policy implications,	1:333–334
theory, 1:328–332
world-systems overview, 1:331–332
Dependent development, 1:104–105, 330–331
Deracialization, 2:838
Derrida, Jacques, 1:14–15
Descartes, René, 2:589
Descriptive representation, 2:841–842
Determinism, economic, 2:650–652, 665
Deterrence theory, 1:368–375
controversies, 1:371–374
defining deterrence,	1:368–369
development during cold war, 1:369–370
future research issues,		1:374
game theory and, 1:372–373
methodology issues, 1:371–374
post–cold war scholarship, 1:370
post–September 11 scholarship, 1:370
rational deterrence, 1:369–370, 371–372
reputation theory and,		1:373–374
Deutsch, Karl W., 1:71,		1:82

Developing democracy, 1:389

Developing world. See Socialism in developing world

“Development of underdevelopment,” 1:101, 102
Devolution, 2:761, 783
Dewey, John, 2:619–620
Dialectical idealism, 2:649
Dialectical materialism, 2:651
Diamond, Larry,	1:222, 259, 261,
262–263, 382		1:63, 64, 66
Diamond, Martin,
Diesing, Paul, 1:35
Diffusion effect,	1:280
Dillon’s Rule, 2:701
Diminished subtype of democracy, 1:260, 262
Direct elections,	1:159
Direct lobbying,	2:756		1:295
Disciplined-configurative case study,
Discourse on the Origins of Inequality
(Rousseau),	1:592		1:417
Discursive theory on nonstate actors,
Distribution scarcity, 1:243
District elections,		2:704
District magnitude, 1:160
Divided party government, 2:727
Divine right, 1:210, 2:588
DNA, 2:637
Doha Round, 1:412
Dominant party regime, 1:251
Double institution, 1:78
Downs, Anthony, 1:37, 40, 2:815
Druckman, J. N., 2:713
Drury, Shadia, 1:65
Du Bois, W. E. B., 2:836
Dual federalism,	2:761
Duchacek, I. D.,	1:170, 171
Dummy variables, 2:486–487
Duration analysis,		2:502–503
Durkheim, Émile,		1:75, 194, 211
Duverger’s Law,	1:161–162, 2:452, 453

Earth Summit, 1:443, 445
Easton, David, 1:6, 9–10, 30, 71, 72–74, 93, 174,	2:463,
464–465, 786
Ecofeminists, 1:444
Ecological footprint, 1:135
Ecological modernization, 1:444
Ecological parties, 1:151
Ecological reserve, 1:135
Ecology, international, 1:309

Economic determinism, 2:650–652, 665

Economic diversification, 1:399

Economic equality, 1:7 1:

Economic law, international, 438

Economic man, 1:35

Index • 873

Economic model of rational choice
administrative man concept in, 1:35–36
criticism of, 1:39
economic man concept in, 1:35
Economic nationalism/realism, 1:408–409
Economic policy, presidency and, 2:732
Economics
bureaucracy and, 2:748–749
as cause of ethnic conflict, 1:145
effects of terrorism on,			1:122
See also	International political economy
and trade
Economism, 2:662–663
Economy	1:254–255
planned,
transfer,	1:254
Ecumenism, 1:9–10
Education, public, 1:174,			2:599
Egalitarianism,		1:15–16
E-government,		2:783
Egypt
elections in, 1:161, 250
Mediterranean Action Plan, 1:427
social movements in, 1:231
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2:728, 800
Election rules,		1:154
Election theory, 1:161–163
Electoral authoritarianism,				1:260–261, 262
Electoral College, 1:159–160, 178
Electoral engineering, 1:162
Electoral formula, 1:160
Electoral reform, 1:164
Electoral system in comparative perspective,
1:159–167
additional member system, 1:160–161
applications and empirical evidence, 1:163–165
closed list party system,				1:160
direct/indirect elections,				1:159
district magnitude and,			1:160
election theory and, 1:161–163
Electoral College, 1:159–160
electoral formula and, 1:160
electoral thresholds and,				1:160
first-past-the-post system and, 1:160–161
future research issues, 1:165–166
mixed-member system, 1:161
multimember districts,			1:160
open list party system,			1:160

party-list proportional system, 1:160, 161 policy implications, 1:165 1: proportional representation, 160

single transferrable vote and, 1:160

874 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

single-member districts, 1:160, 161, 163 theory on, 1:161–163 1: Westminster-style parliamentary system, 160

See also Comparative political parties: Systems and organizations1:

Electoral thresholds, 1:160

Elite pacts argument, 279

Elite parties, 1:153 1:

Elite political instability, 126

Elite theory, 2:755 2:

Elitism, rejection of, 678

Embedded democracy, 1:260 1: Endogenously timed elections, 82, 181 Engels, Freidrich, 1:409–410, 2:649, 650, 653,

655–656, 664–665

See also Marxism

England. See Great Britain

English Bill of Rights, 2:685, 686

Enlightenment, 1:210–211, 2:686–687 on idealism and liberalism, 1:320–321 origins of, 2:589 2:

Enterprise associations, 622

Environment 1:

globalization effect on,2: 403 social democracy and, 662

See also Comparative environmental politics and conflict; International environmental politics

Environmental international relations, 1:307–308 Environmental law, international, 1:438 Epistemic community, 1:308, 416,

417–418, 427, 430(n1) Equal opportunity, 2:616 Equality of outcome, 2:616 Equifinality problem, 1:288 Equilibria, 2:5362:

Erfurt Program, 656, 661

Esoteric, 2:558 1:

Essentialist primordialism, 218

Ethics (Aristotle), 2:557, 559

Ethnic and identity politics, 1:217–224 census elections and, 1:220

census outbidding and, 1:220 defining ethnic identity, 1:217–218 ethnic expressive voting, 1:221 ethnic parties and, 1:221–223

ethnic voting, 1:220–221 1: ethnic/national identity relationship, 219–220 expressive voting hypothesis and, 1:220 formation of ethnic identity, 1:218–219

LGBT persons and identity, 2:862 research issues, 1:220–223 resurgent identity, 1:219

Ethnic conflict, 1:141–149
clash of civilizations, 1:147–148
dynamics of,	1:145–146
escalation of,	1:146
ethnic groups worldwide and, 1:146–147
ethnic identity and, 1:141–143
ethnicity and, 1:141
media and, 1:145
origin/nature of, 1:143–146
proximate causes of, 1:144
underlying causes of, 1:144–145
Ethnic expressive voting, 1:221
Ethnic geography, 1:144
Ethnic groups
defining, 1:141
voting behavior and, 1:220–121
Ethnicity. See Race, ethnicity, and politics
Ethnoclasses, 1:143
Ethnography, institutional, 1:19
Ethnonationalists, 1:143
Ethnoneutrality, 2:666
European Convention on Human Rights, 1:190
European Union, 1:172–173
See also individual country
Evans, Peter, 1:104–105
Evolutionary socialists, 2:654
Exclusive democracy,		1:260
Exoteric, 2:558
Expansionism, 1:305
Expansionist nationalism, 2:636
Expected utility theory (EUT), 1:379–380
Experiments, 2:523–531
applications,	2:528–530
experimental method, 2:523–525
field experiments on voter mobilization, 2:528–529
future research issues, 2:530
intervention comparison, 2:524–525
laboratory experiments on negative advertising,
2:528
laboratory experiments vs. field experiments,
2:526–527
limitations/need for replication, 2:529–530
natural experiments, 2:527–528
placebo effect, 2:525
policy implications,		2:530
random assignment,		2:524
randomized experiments vs. survey data, 2:525–526
survey-based experiments on racial attitudes,			2:529
theory on, 2:523–528
treatment and control groups, 2:524
uses or, 2:529
Exported revolution, 1:253

Expressive voting hypothesis, 1:220
Extinction, of species, 1:440
Extrasocietal system, 1:72–73
Face-to-face interviews, 2:517
Factual recall, 2:516
Failed states	1:109, 110
civil wars and,
ethnic conflict and, 1:144
Fairly uncomplicated experience argument, 1:279
Faletto, Enzo, 1:104
Falsificationism,	2:454–455
Farmer, John D.,	1:13
Fascism and national socialism, 1:254, 2:639–647,
actual idealism and, 2:642
biological determinism, 2:642–643
empirical studies, 2:639–640
fascist movement theory, 2:646
futurism and, 2:642
Germany and, 2:644
historical context, 2:643–644
Hitler and, 2:642, 643, 645–646
ideological precursors, 2:640–643
Italy and, 2:643–644
leaders, 2:644–646
Mussolini and,	2:642, 643, 644–645
mysticism, 2:641–642		2:640–641
national romanticism and,
national socialism, 2:640
nationalism, 2:640–641		2:640
political spectrum studies,
revolutionary syndicalism and, 2:641
studies of fascism, 2:639–640
Federal Court of Appeals, 2:741
Federal Election Campaign Act, 2:801–802
Federal system, 1:168–170, 173–174
Federalism, 2:693–694, 695
See also Federalism, American
Federalism, American, 2:760–768
Article I, 2:763–765
Article II, 2:765
Article III, 2:765
Article IV, 2:765–766
Article V, 2:766
Article VI, 2:766
Article VII, 2:766
Constitutional amendments, 2:766–767
Constitutional Convention,			2:762–763
dual federalism and, 2:761			2:763–767
federalism in Constitution,

initial plans for union, 2:762 models of, 2:760–761

nullification concept in, 2:760–761			875
origins of,	2:761–763
Preamble,	2:763
Supreme Court cases, 2:767
Federalist, 2:606
Feminists
anarchist, 2:629
ecofeminists, 1:444
See also International relations, feminist
Femocrats, 1:237
Fenno, Richard,		2:717, 718
Festinger, Leon,		1:55–56
Feudalism, 1:278, 2:651
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 2:664
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 2:640
Field experiments, 2:527, 528–529, 819
Filmer, Robert, 2:590
Finke, R., 2:850
Fiorina, M.,	2:817
First Continental Congress, 2:688
First-past-the-post party system, 1:154, 160–161
Foreign aid,	1:87
as rent, 1:396–397
Foreign direct investment (FDI), 1:410
Foreign policy, American, 2:822–830
bureaucracy and, 2:826–827
Congress and, 2:825–826
governmental politics model, 2:826, 827
international affairs, U.S. role in, 2:823–824
organizational behavior model, 2:826, 827
president and,		2:824–825
		Index •

public opinion, 2:827–829 rational actor model of, 2:826, 827

Foreign policy analysis (FPA), 1:336–343 applications/empirical evidence, 1:338–141 comparative foreign policy, 1:338 constructivism on, 1:337 1: contemporary approaches to, 338 defining foreign policy, 1:336–337 feminist theory on, 1:337

foundational texts of, 1:338 future research issues, 1:341–342

group as policy decision maker, 1:339–340 individual as policy decision maker, 1:339 international relations theory, 1:337–339 introduction, 1:336–137

liberalism, 1:337 1: Marxist theory on, 337–338 policy implications, 1:341 presidency and, 2:733

realism, 1:337 1: society as policy decision maker, 339

Foreign policy entrepreneurs, 2:825
Forensic approach, 1:252
Forgotten Man, 2:601–662
Forgotten Woman, 2:601, 602
Formal equality, 2:616
Formal functional analysis, 1:75
Formal modeling, 1:285, 286–287, 290
Formal theory and spatial modeling,
2:532–540	2:532–533
defining formal theory,
empirical methods and,	2:534
future research issues, 2:538–539
probabilistic theory and, 2:535
prospect theory and, 2:535–536
public choice and, 2:536–537
quantitative methods and, 2:533–534
rational choice, 2:534–536
solving and testing formal models, 2:536
spatial theory of voting, 2:537–538
utility maximization and, 1:57,
2:534–535
Formateur party, 1:180
Foucault, Michel, 1:15–16
Fourier, Charles, 2:655, 664
Fragmentation of political parties, 1:155
Framing approach, 1:228
Framing effects, 2:712, 713
France
colonialism and, 1:127		1:174
decentralized education in,
devolution revolution and,		1:171
876 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

nationalization in, 2:660 Frank, Andre G., 1:101, 102, 103 Frankfort School, 1:252 Franklin, Benjamin, 2:687, 688,

690, 744, 762 Free market, 1:277 religious, 1:214

Free riders, 1:228, 2:758

French and Indian War, 2:687, 762

French Revolution, 2:593–594, 621

Freud, Sigmund, 1:54, 55, 211

Friedrich, C. J., 1:170

Front party, 1:251 1:

Fukuyama, Francis, 323

Functional cleavages, in political

parties, 1:151 1: Functional requisite, 78

Functionalism. See Systems theory and structural functionalism 2: 2:

Fund-raising, campaign, 797, 801–802 Futurism, 2:642

Gabon, rentier effects in, 1:398–399	2:678–679
Gadhafi, Mu’ammar Muhammad al-,
Galileo, 2:588, 589
Game theory, 1:287, 288–289, 290,	2:541–549
in American politics, 2:546–547
in comparative politics, 2:547–548
definitions/terminology, 2:542–545
deterrence theory and, 1:372–373
extensions of, 2:544
extensive form of, 2:544–545
game tree in, 2:544–545
history of, 2:546
in international relations, 2:547
Nash equilibrium and, 2:544
normal form of, 2:543–544
players and preferences, 2:542–543

in political science, 2:546–548 positive-sum game, 1:407–408 prisoner’s-dilemma game, 1:290, 2:543–544 rational choice-driven, 1:285 2:

representation and solution concepts, 543–545 stationary subgame perfect Nash equilibrium,

2:546–547 2: Gandhi, Mahatma, 564 Garvey, Marcus, 2:836–837

GATT, 1:409, 1:412 2: Gauss-Markov assumptions, 484–486 Gay liberation, 2:857–858

Gay marriage, 2:781

Geddes, Barbara, 1:96

Gellner, Ernest, 2:634, 637

Gender and politics, 1:233–241 evolution of study of, 1:233–234 feminist comparative policy, 1:236 1:

policy formation and implementation, 238 policy transfer issues, 1:239–240

political representation and, 1:234–236 practical implications of, 1:239

quotas and, 1:239 1: research strategies, 234

state feminism, 1:237–238 welfare state and, 1:236–237

women’s movements, 1:230, 238–239

Gender and politics in the U.S., 2:840–846 campaigns and, 2:800, 843

courts and, 2:844, 845 2: descriptive representation and, 841–842

electoral campaigns and, 2:843 future research issues, 2:845 legislatures and, 2:843–844, 845 participation, 2:841

personal attitudes, 2:841–842

political actors, 2:840–841
political candidates,		2:841–843
political institutions,		2:843–845
political parties,	2:843
presidency and, 2:845
recruitment, 2:845
voter evaluation of candidates, 2:842–843
Gender mainstreaming,			1:237
General good, 2:598			1:71
General systems theory,
General will, 2:634
Geneva Conventions, 1:437–438
Gentile, Emilio, 2:639–640
Gentile, Giovanni,	2:642
Geoculture, 1:331
George III (England), 2:688, 689, 772
Georgia, Republic of, 1:145
Germany
fascism in, 2:644
as federal system, 1:169
social democracy in,		2:655–658, 660, 661
Ghetto, 2:834	1:12, 13, 16–17, 19
Giddens, Anthony,
Gilpen, Robert, 1:100, 426
Gingrich, Newt, 2:774
Global citizenship,	1:404
Global governance theory, 1:323–324
Global security, 1:305–306
Global social movements, 1:404
Global trade. See International political economy and
trade
Globalism vs. globalization, 1:403
Globalization. See	Complex interdependence and
globalization
Gobineau, Arthur de, 2:642
Godesberg Program, 2:600
Goldman, Emma, 2:626–627
Goodnow, Frank, 1:5, 2:459–460
Gore, Al, 1:182, 354
Gorgias (Plato), 2:558			1:155–156
Government formation,
Governmental politics model (GPM),
2:826, 827
Grand narrative of modernity, 1:13
Grassroots lobbying, 2:756
Grassroots parties,	2:771–772
Great Britain	1:127
colonialism and,

devolution revolution and, 1:171 free trade and, 1:409 2: National Health Service in, 659 nationalization in, 2:660

Index • 877

party capability thesis and, 1:190
representation in, 1:181
Great Cultural Revolution, 2:678
Great Depression, 1:409,	2:761
Great Leap Forward, 2:670, 678
Great Purge, 2:668
Great Society, 2:761
Green, D. P., 1:40
Green movement, 1:227
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 1:440, 445
Greenpeace, 1:445
Grievances approach, 1:228
Griswold v. Connecticut,	2:693
Groupthink, 1:56
Gruber, L., 1:426–427
Guardian coup, 1:126
Gunther, Richard, 1:222
Gurr, T. R., 1:111

Habermas, Jürgen, 2:610–612
Hall, P. A., 1:25, 26
Hamas, 1:116
Hancock, John, 2:690–691
Hate crimes, 1:116
Hate speech, 1:145
Hayes, Rutherford B., 2:773
Heckscher–Ohlin theory, 1:408
Hegel, Georg, 2:664
Hegemony, 1:315, 362–363, 409, 410–411
Heilbroner, Robert, 1:442–443
Held, David, 1:267
Herder, Johann Gottlieb von, 2:634
Heresthetics, 1:38
Hermann, Margaret, 1:339, 356
Herrnson, Paul, 2:798, 799
Heuristic case study, 1:295
Heywood, Andrew, 2:634
Hezbollah, 1:116
Historic materialism, 1:100, 2:665
Historical institutionalism, 1:26, 252,		2:736–737
Historical structuralism,	1:409–411
Historicism, 2:558
Hitler, Adolf, 1:133, 2:645–646, 658
HIV/AIDS, 1:237, 2:861–862
Hobbes, Thomas, 1:368,	2:590, 617, 686
Hobsbawm, Eric, 1:219,	2:634–635
Holism, 1:29–30

Home rule, 2:702 1:

Homer-Dixon, Thomas, 242, 243, 246, 308

Homo Economicus, 1:52, 56, 58

Homo Psychologicus, 1:52, 57, 58

Homophile, 2:857

878 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

Homosexuality. See LGBT issues and the queer approach
Honduras, military coup in, 1:130
Hooker, Richard,		2:585
Hoover, Herbert,		1:356, 2:773–774
Horowitz, David, 1:111, 113, 130
Horowitz, Donald, 1:218
Hotman, Francis,		2:589
Human Development Programme (U.N.), 1:446
Human security,	1:349
Humanitarian crises,			1:309, 323
Hume, David, 2:454,			2:593
Hunter, Floyd, 2:689			1:126, 127, 129, 147–148,
Huntington, Samuel,
206, 212, 255, 276
Hurricaine Katrina, 1:136–137
Hussein, Saddam, 2:824
See also Iraq	1:180, 261–262
Hybrid regimes,
Hyman, Herbert,		2:806
Hyperpluralism,	2:700
Hypodermic model of media effects, 2:711

Ibn Bajjah, 2:573

Ibn Khaldun, 2:573–574

Ibn Rushd, 2:573

Ibn Sina, 2:573

Ibn Tufayl, 2:573

Idealism 2:

actual, 642 dialectical, 2:649

See also Idealism and liberalism

Idealism and liberalism, 1:319–326 democratic peace theory, 1:320, 325 Enlightenment thought on, 1:320–321 institutional liberalism, 1:324–325 intellectual roots of, 1:320–322 interdependence liberalism, 1:324 post–World War I, 1:321–322 post–World War II, 1:322–323 revival after cold war, 1:323 sociological liberalism, 1:323–324

See also Liberals, early moderns and classical

Identity 1:

ethnic, 141–143

See also Ethnic and identity politics

Ideological distance, 1:154–155

Ideological purity, 2:678

Ideology 1:

authoritarianism and, 255

See also Idealism and liberalism

Imagined communities, 1:219–220, 2:635

Immiseration theory, 2:656–657

Impact and outcome studies, 2:792
Imperialism,	1:100–101, 305, 328, 366, 410,						2:562, 642
Import-substitution industrialization (ISI), 1:104,
333–334, 420					1:37, 273, 2:608
Impossibility theorem,
Incomes policy, 2:661
Incrementalism,		1:34,			2:475–476, 499, 659, 732, 745,
India790–791
as federal system, 1:169, 172
high courts in,			1:190
representation in, 1:181
See also Asian political thought
Indigenous peoples, 1:143
Indigenous takeover, 1:253–254
Indirect elections,				1:159
Individual, within-case study, 1:294
Individualism, 1:29, 2:602						1:220
Individualist-civic nationalism,
Individualistic political culture,						2:756–757
Individualized justice vs. bureaucratic efficiency, 1:13, 19
Indonesia
natural resources and, 1:85
rentier effects in, 1:398–399
Inductive approach, 1:284, 290
Inductive fallacy, 1:295
Industrial bourgeoisie,					2:652
Industrialization, import-substitution and, 1:104
Inequality regime,				1:236
Influentials, 1:7				1:212
Inglehart, Ronald,
Inquisitorial judicial model, 1:190
Inside lobbying,		2:756					2:584, 588
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin),
Institutional ethnography, 1:19
Institutional interest groups, 2:753–754
Institutional liberalism, 1:324–325
Institutional rational choice, 2:793
Institutional trust. See					Political trust
Institutionalism
historical, 1:26, 252, 2:736–737
liberal, 1:409
neoliberal,	1:425
on religion, 1:215
See also Neoinstitutionalism
Institutionalization, of balance of power, 1:363–364
Institutionalized semiauthoritarianism, 1:263–264
Institutions, defining, 1:78
Instructed delegate, 2:718
Instrumentalism,			1:142, 218–219, 2:635
Interdependence.			See Complex interdependence and
globalization

Interdependence liberalism, 1:324

Interdeterminacy, 1:286

Interest groups, 2:718, 722

See also Interest groups and pluralism

Interest groups and pluralism, 2:752–759 free rider, 2:758 2:

interest groups formation, 757 lobbyists, 2:756–757

pluralism model, 2:754–7552: political action committees, 757 political culture and, 2:757–758 public/private, 2:754 2: purpose of interest groups, 755–756 types of interest groups, 2:753–754

Intergovernmental network, 1:324 1: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 438 International economic law, 1:438

International environmental law, 1:438

International environmental politics, 1:440–448 deep ecology and, 1:443–444

ecofeminists and, 1:444 1: ecological modernization, 444 1:

liberal international relations and, 441–442 mainstream theories of, 1:441–442 measuring success/failure of, 1:444–4461:

neo-Malthusian/anti-Malthusian debate, 442–443 policy implications and future directions, 1:446–447 public choice theory and, 1:441

radical theories of, 1:443–444

transnational NGOs and, 1:442 1: International governmental organizations (IGOs), 415, 418 International human rights, 1:349–350

International institutions, defining, 1:423

International law, 1:431–39 customary law and, 1:434 general principles of, 1:434

Geneva Conventions and, 1:437–438 history of, 1:432–433 1: international economic law and, 438 international environmental law and, 1:438 international relations and, 1:431–432

jus ad bellum, 1:437 jus in bello, 1:437

Kyoto Protocol, 1:438, 446, 2:824

law of armed conflict, 1:437–438 1: legally nonbinding rules (soft law) and, 434 lex maritima, 1:438

lex mercatoria, 1:438 national law and, 1:432

nonstate actors and, 1:436–437 states and, 1:435–436

treaties and, 1:433–434

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1:305, 329, 409,
429, 438
International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs),
1:415, 442
International organizations and regimes, 1:422–430
constructivism on, 1:427
delegation and agency, 1:429
international institutions, defining, 1:423
international organizations, defining, 1:423–424
international regimes, defining, 1:423
neoliberal institutionalism, 1:424–426
rational design and delegation, 1:428–429
realism on, 1:426–427
International political economy and trade, 1:407–413
economic nationalism/realism and, 1:408–409		879
global trade growth, 1:411
historical structuralism, 1:409–411
international trade theory, 1:407–411
liberalism on,	1:407–408
major developments in, 1:411–412
mercantilism and, 1:408–409
multilateral institutions and, 1:411–412
neomercantilism and, 1:408, 409
protectionism and, 1:409
regionalism impact on, 1:411
International public goods, 1:425
International regimes, 1:305, 324, 423
International relations, 1:431–432
example of case study on, 1:298–299
game theory in, 2:547
international law and, 1:431–432
Straussians on, 1:64–65
See also International relations, feminist;
International relations, history of; Nonstate
actors in international relations
International relations, feminist,
1:306–307,	344–352
evolution of, 1:346
future research issues, 1:350–351
international human rights and, 1:349–350
methodology,	1:346–347
policy implications, 1:350
sovereignty/state in, 1:347–348
	Index •

traditional IR vs., 1:346
war/militarism/security in, 1:348–349
International relations, history of, 1:303–310
constructivist international relations, 1:307
cyber crime, 1:309
development strategies and humanitarian crises, 1:309
ecological challenges, 1:309
economic interdependence and, 1:305	1:307–308
environmental international relations,

880 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

feminist international relations (see International
relations, feminist)
future research issues, 1:308–309
global security and,		1:305–306
historical/theoretical developments,
1:304–308
liberal beginnings of, 1:304
Marxist alternatives to,			1:304–305
new security threats, 1:308–309
realist critics of, 1:304
International relations liberalism on nonstate actors,
1:416
International trade theory, 1:407–411
International Whaling Commission (IWC), 1:445
Interpretivism, 1:252, 2:455–456, 467
Intersectionality, 2:629
Interstate wars
civil wars vs., 1:107–108
See also Rivalry, conflict, and interstate war
Intersubjective, 2:471–472
Interviews, face-to-face, 2:517
Intrasocietal system, 1:72, 73
Invisible hand theory, 1:30
Inward-looking social capital, 1:195
Iran
democracy and, 1:85
elections in, 1:250
Islam and,	1:143, 2:571, 574–575
language issues in, 1:174
nuclear weapons in,		1:352, 354, 378
Operation Ajax and,		1:127
rentier effects in, 1:398–399
revolution in, 1:252, 253
social movements in, 1:231
Iraq
communism in, 2:674
coups and, 1:129
democracy and, 1:87, 214
elections in, 1:161, 162, 164
ethnic conflict in, 1:143
invasion of Kuwait,		1:118
language issues in, 1:174
military forces of, 1:129
nationalism in, 2:637
parliamentary government in, 1:181
peace movements and,			1:230
post-Saddam elections,			1:164
religious conflict in,		1:215
rivalry formation policy in, 1:382
socialism in, 2:677
Sunni insurgency in, 1:121–122
war, 2003,	1:325, 339, 341, 353–354, 382

war on terrorism and, 2:824
weapons of mass destruction and, 1:65, 353
Irish Americans, 2:835
Iron Guard, 2:646
Iron law of wages, 2:650
Iron triangle,	2:730–731
Ishiyama, J.,	2:492
Islamic political thought, 2:568–576
al-Farabi, 2:570, 572
classical philosophers, 2:572–574
Ibn Bajjah, 2:573
Ibn Khaldun, 2:573–574
Ibn Rushd,	2:573
Ibn Sina, 2:573
Ibn Tufayl, 2:573
imans, influence on, 2:569, 570–571
Islamism, 2:574
Kharijites school, 2:571–572
modern, 2:574–575
Muhammad and, 2:569, 571
premodern Islamic political thought,
2:569–574
Qur’an, 2:570
reformist fundamentalism, 2:574
Shari’a, 2:571
Shi’a school of, 2:570–571
Sunni school of, 2:570
traditionalist fundamentalism, 2:574
Islamism, 2:574
Isomorphism, 1:402
Israel
Islamic political thought and, 2:574
nationalism in, 2:635
nuclear weapons in, 1:378
political culture in, 1:341
Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 1:121, 144
Italy, 1:171, 2:643–645
See also Fascism and national socialism

Jacobs, Jane, 2:700
Jaffa, Harry, 1:64, 65
Japan
fascist movement in, 2:646
See also Asian political thought
Jefferson, Thomas, 2:686, 687, 688–689,
690, 727, 772, 852
Jervis, Robert, 1:369, 377–378, 380
Jews,	1:117, 143,	2:643, 645, 646
John of Salisbury,		2:580–581

Johnson, Lyndon B., 1:356, 2:706, 761, 774 Judeo-Christian teachings, influence on American

politics, 2:687

Judicial decision making. See Comparative judicial politics; Judicial politics, American

Judicial politics, American, 2:735–742 attitudinal model on, 2:735–736, 738 historical institutionalism on, 2:736–737 judicial motivation, 2:741 2: judicial opinions, importance of, 741 measurement of attitudes, 2:741

policy implications, 2:740 2: political science model on case outcomes, 739 precedent, 2:739 2:

role conceptions, 738 2:

social diversity of judges, 737–7382: strategic model of judicial behavior, 736, 739 theory on, 2:735–737

voting patterns, 2:738 2: Judicial Research Initiative, 741 Judicial systems, state, 2:782–783

Judiciary. See Judicial politics, American

Juries, 1:190–91

Jus ad bellum, 1:437

Jus in bello, 1:437

Kant, Immanuel, 1:320, 387, 2:589, 664, 828
Kantian revolution, 2:587, 594			2:806–807
Kardinger’s Basic Personality Type,
Karl, Terry Lynn,	1:85
Kasza, Greg, 1:9–10
Kautsky, J. H., 2:673–674, 676
Kautsky, Karl, 2:655, 657
Keech, Marian, 1:55–56
Keman, H., 1:156	1:354
Kennedy, John F.,
Kennedy, Robert,	1:354
Keohane, Robert,	1:314, 322–323, 324, 346, 2:457
Kerala, communism in, 2:674
Keynes, John M.,	2:660
Kharijites school,	2:571–572
King, G., 2:457
Kinsey, Alfred, 2:856
Kinship primordialism, 1:218
Kissinger, Henry,	1:313, 382
Knowledge, value of, 1:11, 19
Know-Nothings, 2:835
Kornegger, Peggy, 2:629
Kosovo, 1:145, 433		2:646
Kristallnacht (Crystal Night),
Kropotkin, Peter, 2:626
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 1:118,		2:712

Kuhn, Thomas, 1:14, 2:455–456, 457

Kurds, 1:108, 143, 174

Kyoto Protocol, 1:438, 446, 2:824

Index • 881

Labor incorporation study, 1:289

Laboratory experiments

field experiments vs., 2:526–527 on negative advertising, 2:528 Lagged time-series data, 1:289–290

Lahiri, S., 1:134–135

Lakatos, Imre, 2:456–457 1: Language, construction of reality and, 15, 19 Laos, communism in, 2:674

Large-N studies, 1:288

Lasswell, Harold, 1:54

Latent content, 2:492

Latin America 1: democratic breakdown in, 279 social movements in, 1:231

See also individual country

Law 1: 2: national law, 432, 694 neoinstitutionalism and, 1:23

religious system of, 1:187, 2:571 soft law, 1:434

See also International law

Law of armed conflict, 1:437–438

Law of capital accumulation, 1:100

Law of disproportionality, 1:100

Leadership and decision making, 1:353–360 future research issues, 1:359

importance of decision-making process, 1:354–355

importance of studying political leadership, 1:353–334 1:

multivariate approaches to, 358–359 personality and politics, 1:356 1: political leaders as decision unit, 355–359

psychoanalytic studies of leadership, 1:355–356 single personality variables, 1:356–358

Leadership Trait Analysis (LTA), 1:339

League of Nations, 1:321, 377, 433See Dependency and Least developed countries (LDCs).

development 1:

Least-likely case study, 295 2: Least squares dummy variable (LSDV), 502 Lebanon, 1:116 2:

Lee Kwan Yew, 565

Legal rationality, 1:35 1:

Legally nonbinding rules (soft law), 434

Legislatures, gender and, 2:843–844, 845

Legitimate authority, defining, 1:249–250

LeMay, Michael, 2:833–834, 836

Lemon vs. Kurtzman, 2:852

Lenin, Vladimir, 1:100–101, 305, 410,

2:666–668

Leninism, communism, Stalinism, and Maoism,
2:664–672
communist ideology in 21st-century politics,
2:670–671
Leninism, 2:666–668
Maoism, 2:669–670
Marx–Engels theory of communism, 2:664–666
Stalinism, 2:668–669
Lesbian feminism, 2:857
Leviathan (Hobbes), 2:590, 617, 686
Lex maritima, 1:438
Lex mercatoria, 1:438
LGBT issues and the queer approach, 2:856–864
bisexual movement, 2:858–859
education/representation and, 2:860–861
gay liberation and, 2:857–858
health and,	2:861–862
HIV/AIDS,	1:237, 2:858, 861–862
882 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

identity politics, critique of, 2:862 legal change, 2:861 2:

lesbian and gay movements in U.S., 856–858 lesbian feminism and, 2:857 2:

LGBT politics, main issues in, 860–862 nationalism and, 2:863

neoimperialism and, 2:8632: neoliberalism, critique of, 862–863 politics of visibility, critique of, 2:862 postwar period, 2:856–857

queer approaches, 2:862–863 same-sex partnerships, 2:861 terrorism and, 2:863 2:

transsexual/transgender movement, 859–860 Liberal institutionalism, 1:409

Liberal international relations, environmental politics and, 1:441–442 2:

Liberal minimalist theory, 608–610

Liberal nationalism, 2:636

Liberal parties, 1:151

Liberalism 1:

emergence of, 592 1: international political economy and, 407–108 international relations and, 1:304

nonstate actors and, 1:416

See also Idealism and liberalism; Liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism, modern; Liberals, early moderns and classical; Neoclassical liberals

Liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism, modern, 2:615–624

Burke on, 2:621 conservatism, 2:620–622 equal opportunity, 2:616

equality of outcome, 2:616
formal equality, 2:616
human nature and political values, 2:615–616
libertarian theories of politics, 2:618–619
modern liberal theories of politics, 2:619–620
modern liberalism and libertarianism, 2:616–620
negative liberty, 2:616, 618, 619–620
origins of liberal tradition,			2:617–618
perennial questions and future prospects,
2:622–623
positive liberty, 2:616
redistribution concept, 2:616
Liberals, early moderns and classical, 2:587–595
Copernicus, 2:588–589
Enlightenment, 2:589
French Revolution,		2:593–594
Hobbes, 2:590		2:594
Kantian revolution,
Locke, 2:590–592
Protestant Reformation, 2:587–588
Rousseau, 2:592–593			2:589–590
royal powers justification,
social contract theory, 2:589–593, 590, 593
See also Idealism and liberalism; Neoclassical
liberals
Liberation theology, 1:211, 213
Libertarian theories of politics, 2:618–619
Libertarianism, 2:616–620
Libya, socialism in, 2:678–679
Lieber, Francis, 1:4
Lijphart, Arend, 1:171, 270–271, 284, 294
Limongi, F., 1:86
Lincoln, Abraham, 1:64, 65,			2:727, 761
Lindbolm, Charles, 1:34–35,			2:607, 745
Lippmann, Walter, 2:711
Lipset, S. M., 1:276, 277
Litt, Edgar, 2:833, 834–835
Local governments
county, 2:783–784
municipal,	2:784
Locke, John,	1:210–211, 320, 2:590–592, 617–618, 686
Logical positivism, 2:461
Lone countries, 1:147
Longdregan, John, 1:129
Longitudinal analysis, 2:497–505
cross-sectional vs., 2:498–499
current approaches,		2:500
data considerations,		2:500–501
duration analysis, 2:502–503
future research directions,			2:503–504

historical developments, 2:499–500 models, 2:501–502

statistical programs, 2:503 survival analysis, 2:502–503

Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP),

1:445 1:

Long-term decrease in profits, 100

Lowell, Lawrence, 2:460

Luciani, G., 1:335–336

Luther, Martin, 1:210, 2:583–584, 587–588

Luttwak, Edward, 1:125–126, 126

Lyotard, Jean-François, 1:12, 13, 14, 19

MacDonald, S. E., 2:815
Macedonia, nationalism in, 2:637
Machiavelli, Niccoló, 1:210
Macridis, Roy C., 1:24
Madison, James, 1:196, 2:606, 692–693, 696–697, 753
Magna Carta, 2:685
Maistre, Joseph de, 2:621
Majoritarian (Westminster) democracy, 1:270–271
Majority rule, 1:591
Male breadwinner model, 1:236–237
Malthus, Thomas, 1:133, 242
Malthusianism, 1:442–443
Manifest content, 2:492
Many variables, small-N problem, 1:286
Mao Zedong, 1:252, 2:565
Maoism, 2:669–670, 677–678
Marbury vs. Madison, 2:721, 739
March, James, 1:35–36
March, James G., 1:23, 24
Marginalized peoples, individual realities of, 1:19–20
Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 2:642
Market forces, neoclassical liberals on, 2:600
Market socialism, 2:678
Market theory, 2:850–852
Marketplace of ideas, 2:708
Marshall, T. H., 2:659
Marsilio de Padua, 2:583
Marx, Karl, 1:99–100, 211, 409–410, 2:560–561,
653–654, 655
See also Marxism
Marxism, 2:648–654
classical, 2:664–666	2:652, 656
collapse theory as pillar of,
dependency/development and, 1:99–100, 101, 102, 328
dialectical materialism and,	2:650, 651
economic determinism and,	2:650–652

historical materialism and, 1:100 human nature concept in, 2:650 2:

immiseration theory as pillar of, 656–657 international relations and, 1:304–305 labor theory of value in, 2:650

Index • 883

means of production and, 2:651 nationalism and, 2:669

notion of the state in, 1:91, 93 overview of, 2:650 2:

professional revolutionary role in, 653–654 socialism/communism in, 2:653

Marxism-Leninism, 2:677, 679

Maslow, Abraham, 2:745

Mason, George, 2:696–697

Mason, T. D., 1:111–112

Mass parties, 1:153

Mass politics, 1:254

Mass spectacle, 1:255

Materialism 2:

dialectical, 651 historic, 1:100, 2:665 Marxism and, 2:649 2:

May Fourth Movement, 563

Mayhew, David, 2:717, 718 2: Mayor-council-chief administrative officer form, 703 McClosky, Herbert, 1:6–8

McCulloch v. Maryland, 2:694 1:

McDonaldization of criminal justice, 18

McKinley, William, 2:773

Means of production, 2:651

Mearsheimer, John, 1:382

Measurement issues, 1:287 1:

Mechanical effects, in elections, 161–162 Mechanism model of testing, 1:288

Media and politics, 2:708–716 agenda setting, 2:711–712 2:

basic models of media effects, 711–713 bias in media, 2:709–710

consolidation of media, 2:709 democracy, media role in, 2:708–709 ethnic conflict, 1:145

framing effects, 2:712, 713

going public, 2:710–711 2: hypodermic model of media effects, 711 media functions, 1:77 2:

minimal effects model, 711

new media, 2:713–715 2:

new media effect on participation, 714–715 ownership and regulation, 2:709

political advertising, 2:710 priming effects, 2:712, 713 subtle media effects, 2:712–713

Media bias, 2:709–710

Median legislator, 1:162

Median voter theorem, 1:162

Mediterranean Action Plan, 1:427

Meiji Restoration, 2:563

Meinecke, Friedrich, 2:634, 635
Mercantilism, 1:408–409
Merkl, Peter, 1:233
Merriam, Charles, 2:464
Merton, Robert, 1:75
Metanarrative, 1:14
Methodological individualism, 2:609
Methodology. See Comparative methods
Mexican Americans, 2:836
Mexico, NAFTA and, 1:426–427
Micronarrative, 1:14
Middle class, democracy and, 1:82–83, 278
Middle East
communism in, 2:674
rentier effects in, 1:398–399
See also Resources and rentierism, global politics of;
individual country
Milgram, Stanley, 1:55
Mill, John Stuart, 1:320,	2:595, 618
Minimal effects model, 2:711
Minimal winning coalition, 1:156
Mitofsky–Waksberg (MW) method, 2:518
Mitterrand, François, 1:164, 171
Mixed-member system, 1:161
Models of democracy, 1:267–274
ancients and democracy, 1:268–270
Arrow’s impossibility theorem, 1:273
consensual democracy, 1:271
consociational democracy, 1:271
contemporary models of democracy, 1:270–273
delegative democracy,	1:271–272
deliberative democracy, 1:272
democratic autonomy,	1:272–273
majoritarian (Westminster) democracy, 1:270–271
participatory democracy, 1:269
polyarchy, 1:267–268, 270
republicanism, 1:269–270
Moderate multipartism system, 1:155
Modern democratic thought, 2:605–614
agonistic pluralist theory, 2:611–612
deliberative polling technique, 2:612–613
deliberative theory, 2:610–611
democratic theory, 2:606–612
democratic thought, 2:606
democratic transitions,	2:612
future research issues,	2:613
884 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

liberal minimalist theory, 2:608–610
new pluralism, 2:613
participatory theory, 2:607–609, 612
pluralist theory, 2:606–607
political science, 2:605–606	1:102–103
Modern world-systems (MWS) theory,

Modernist approach, to nationalism, 2:635–636
Modernity
grand narrative of, 1:13
meaning of,	1:12
radicalized,	1:17, 1:19
Modernization
ecological, 1:444
as linear and nonreversible, 1:327–328
See also Political development and modernization
Modernization effect,		1:86			1:157
Modernization hypothesis, on voter dealignment,
Mohamad, Mahathir,		1:254
Mol, Arthur, 1:447
Montesquieu, C., 1:92, 210–211, 2:692–693, 763
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone
Layer, 1:445
Moral hazard,	1:43
Moral relativism, 2:622
Moralistic political culture, 2:757
Morgenthau, Hans J.,		1:312, 313, 362, 365, 377
Mortgage debt, toxic,		1:48–49
Most different systems,				1:284
Most-similar systems, 1:284
Most-likely case study, 1:295
Mouffe, C., 2:612
Muhammad, 2:569, 571
Multilateral institutions, 1:411–412
Multimember districts,			1:160
Multinational corporations (MNCs), 1:330–331, 334,
408, 411, 412, 416, 417, 418
Multiparty system, 1:154
Multiple-party system,			1:181
Multivariate approach,			1:358–359
Multivariate regression,				2:484
Municipal government,				2:784
Musharraf, Pervez, 1:127, 128
Mussolini, Benito, 2:644–645
Mutually assured destruction (MAD), 1:305–306
Mysticism, 2:641–642
Myth of the general strike, 2:641

Naess, Arne, 1:443–444
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 1:263
Nation, defining, 1:144
National Health Service (Britain), 2:659
National law, 1:432,	2:694
National minorities,	1:143

National romanticism, 2:640–641

National socialism. See Fascism and national socialism

Nationalism, 2:633–638 anticolonial, 2:636–637 collectivist-civic, 1:220

collectivist-ethnic, 1:220
conservative, 2:636
cuius regio, eius religio concept in, 2:634
cultural heterogeneity, 2:635
defining, 1:144
expansionist, 2:636
imagined communities and, 2:635
individualist-civic, 1:220
instrumentalism and, 2:635
LGBT issues and,	2:863
liberal, 2:636
Marxist view of, 2:669
modernism and, 2:635–636
perennialism and,	2:635
political dimension of nations, 2:634–636
political presentation of nationalism,			2:636–638
primordialism and, 2:635
state-nation concept and, 2:634, 635
Nation-state
balance of power and, 1:362
defining, 1:93–94
NATO, 1:354
Natural experiments, 2:527
Natural resources
curse of, 1:85–86
oil embargo and, 1:334
See also Resources and rentierism,
global politics of
Natural rights, 1:62,	2:597–598, 602
Natural things, 2:554
Necessary law of nations, 1:320
Negative campaign ads, 2:710, 801
Negative liberty, 2:616, 618, 619–620
Nehru, Jawaharal, 2:564
Neoclassical liberals, 2:596–604
on Forgotten Man, 2:601–602
on Forgotten Woman, 2:601, 602
on general good, 2:598
on individualism,	2:602
on market forces,	2:600
on minimal government, 2:601
on natural penalties,		2:601, 602
on natural rights, 2:602
on protection of natural rights, 2:597–598
on public assistance,		2:597–598
on public education,		2:599

on role of government, 2:597, 600–601 science and, 2:602–603 2: self-adjusting principle of, 598, 600 Spencer on, 2:596–600

Sumner on, 2:600–603 on war, 2:599

Index • 885

Neocolonialism, dependency theory on, 1:329
Neo-Gramscianism, 1:410–411
Neoimperialism, LGBT issues and, 2:863
Neoinstitutionalism, 1:22–28
behavioral revolution as root of, 1:22–23
in comparative politics, 1:24
emergence of, 1:23–24
historical institutionalism, 1:26
law/legal analysis and, 1:23
levels of analysis, multiple, 1:24–25
political institution, defining, 1:24
on presidency, 2:727
rational choice institutionalism, 1:25
sociological institutionalism, 1:26
traditionalists and, 1:22–23
See also Institutionalism
Neoliberal institutionalism, 1:424–426
Neoliberalism
economic interdependence and, 1:404
LGBT issues and, 2:862–863
Neo-Malthusism,	1:133, 134, 136, 442–443
Neomercantilism,	1:408, 409
Neopatrimonial state, 1:94–95
Neopluralism, 2:700
Neorealism. See Realism and neorealism
Network analysis,	1:285
New Deal, 2:744, 761
New Federalism, 2:761
New Left, 1:151
New media, 2:713–715
New penology, 1:18
New pluralism, 2:613
New Right, 1:151
New social movement, 1:227
Newly industrialized countries, 1:104
Newly industrializing country (NIC), 1:409
News media, construction of reality by, 1:17
Newton, Isaac, 2:589
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1:211, 2:594, 643
Nigeria
nationalism in, 2:637
natural resources and, 1:85
religious conflict in, 1:215
rentier effects in, 1:398–399
Nisbet, Robert, 2:621–622
Nixon, Richard, 1:313, 1:356, 2:761, 2:774,		2:825
No Child Left Behind Act, 2:701

Nonassociational interest groups, 2:753 Nondenominational churches, 2:850 1: Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 414, 415,

418–419 2: Nonprobability sampling, 519–520

886 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

Nonstate actors, 1:436–437
Nonstate actors in international relations, 1:414–421
accountability of, 1:419
applications and agency of, 1:417–419
constructivism on, 1:416
discursive theory on, 1:417
future research issues, 1:420
grassroots organizations, 1:418
history and nomenclature, 1:414–416
international governmental organizations, 1:415, 418
international nongovernmental organizations, 1:415
international relations liberalism on, 1:416
legitimacy of,	1:419
multinational corporations, 1:330, 334, 408, 411,
412, 416, 417, 418
neutrality of, 1:419–420
nongovernmental organizations, 1:414, 415, 418–419
policy implications,		1:420
rational choice and,		1:419
realist theory on, 1:416
regime theory on, 1:416
religious organizations as, 1:418
turbulence theory on, 1:416
Nonstate terrorism, 1:325
Nordlinger, Eric, 1:92, 93, 126
Normal science, 1:14
Norris, Pippa, 1:212
North American Treaty Organization (NATO),
1:428–429,	2:637
North Korea
nuclear power in, 1:352
nuclear weapons in,		1:352, 354
socialism in, 2:679
North Vietnam,	2:674
Northern Ireland, 1:144, 171
Nozick, Robert,	2:619
Nuclear age, balance of power in, 1:365–366
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1:340–341
Nuclear war, 1:368–369
Nuclear weapons, 1:305–306, 352, 354, 378

Oakeshott, Michael, 2:622
Obama, Barak, 2:728, 761, 775, 837–838
Objective rationality, 1:35
Objective truth, 1:15, 16
Objectivism, postmoderism and, 1:12
Occupational niche, 2:834
Occupational queuing,	2:834
O’Donnell, Guillermo,	1:271–272

Of the Laws of the Ecclesiastical Polity (Hooker), 2:585 Officialism, 2:597, 600

Oil embargo, 1:334

Olsen, Johan P., 1:23, 24
Olson, Mancur, 1:38, 40, 44, 2:754, 758, 815, 816
On Liberty (Mill), 2:618
On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres
(Copernicus), 2:588
Ontological anarchism,	2:628–629
Open-ended questions,	2:515–516
Open list party system,	1:160
Open-system administration, 2:787
Operation Ajax, 1:127
Operational code analysis, 1:57
Operations research, 2:792
Ophuls, William, 1:442–443
Ordinal ballot, 1:160
Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, 2:478
Organic nationalism, 2:635
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OAPEC), 1:334
Organizational behavior model (OBM),
2:826, 827
Organizational process model, 2:790–791
Origins of Species (Darwin), 2:665–666
Orthodox variant of socialism, 2:677
Oslo Accords, 1:341
Ostrom, Elinor, 1:39, 40, 441, 2:793
Ostrom, Vincent, 1:39, 40
Output legitimacy, 1:261
Outside lobbying, 2:756
Outward-looking social capital, 1:195
Oversoul, 2:563
Owen, Robert, 2:655

Paine, Thomas, 2:593, 619

Pakistan, 1:127, 128

Palestine 1: Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 121, 144 nationalism in, 2:635

Pangle, T. L., 1:63, 66

Panopticism, 1:16, 129

Pape, R. A., 1:122–123

Paradox of plenty, 1:85

Pareto’s efficiency, 2:536

Parliamentarism. See Presidentialism versus parliamentarism 1:

Parliamentary supremacy, 189–190 Parochial political culture, 1:201, 2:756 Parsons, Talcott, 1:72, 75, 82

Participant political culture, 1:202, 2:756 Participation, political

gender affect on, 2:841

new media effect on, 2:714–715 theory on, 2:607–608

Participatory democracy, 1:269
Partisan campaigns, 2:799–800
Partisan realignment, 1:156–157
Party families, 1:151
Party identification approach, 1:56, 2:770
Party in central office, 1:152
Party in government,				2:770
Party in public office, 1:152–153
Party in the electorate, 2:770
Party on the ground,				1:152
Party organizations, 1:152–154
Party regime,	1:250–251
Party system,	1:154–155
See also Comparative political parties: Systems and
organizations
Party-list proportional system, 1:160, 161
Passive resistance,			2:584
Pateman, C., 2:607–608
Path dependence, 1:26
Patriarcha (Filmer),				2:590
Patronage democracy, 1:221
Patron–client relationship, 1:95–96
Pattern variables, 1:72
Peace of Westphalia,				1:432
Perceptual factors, in ethnic conflict, 1:145
Perennialism,	2:635
Perestroika protest in political science,
1:9–10, 40
Permanent campaign, 2:797
Permanent revolution, 2:678
Perry, Matthew, 2:563
Personality studies, 1:54–55
Perspective theory, 1:40
Petite bourgeoisie,			2:652
Petition of Rights,			2:685–686
Philippines, high courts in, 1:190
Philosophical anarchism, 2:630
Pierce, Franklin, 2:772
Pierson, P., 1:26
Pipes, Richard,		2:668
Placebo effect,		2:525
Plato, 1:62, 65, 269,				2:553–554, 557, 558–559
Plausibility probes, 1:295
Plessey v. Ferguson,				2:833
Pluralism, 2:606–607
agonistic, 2:611–612
democratic, 1:254
hyperpluralism,			2:700

See also Interest groups and pluralism

Poetic terrorism, 2:628

Point predictions, 2:536

Polanyi, K., 2:655

Polarity, balance of power and, 1:362–363			887
Polarized multipartism system,		1:155
Policratus (John of Salisbury),		2:580–581
Policy framework approach, 1:221
Policy implications, 1:165
Policy paradox, 2:793
Policy stream, 2:826
Polis, 2:554
Political Action Committees (PACs), 2:799–800
Political advertising,	2:710
Political and military coups, 1:124–132
acute causes of, 1:126–127
breakthrough coup, 1:126
chronic causes of,	1:127
consequences of, 1:128
definition of coups d’état, 1:124–126
as elite political instability, 1:126
extralegal/illegal transfers of power in, 1:125
foreign policy responses to external, 1:130–131
future research issues, 1:131–132
guardian coup, 1:126
internal state policies on, 1:128–130
nature and causes of coups d’état, 1:124–127
policy implications of, 1:127–131
popular will and, 1:125–126
seesaw coup, 1:130
self-coup, 1:126
veto coup, 1:126
violence as noncritical in, 1:125
Political attitude research, 1:55–56
Political conditionality, 1:165
Political consultants,	2:798–799
Political culture, 1:201–208
absolute monarchy, 1:202
civic culture and, 1:201–202
contemporary, 1:206
critical citizen in, 1:207
parochial, 1:201
participant, 1:202
political efficacy of, 1:203
political interest and knowledge in, 1:204–205
political participation in, 1:205–206
political trust and,	1:203–204
social capital and,	1:202–203
		Index •

subject, 1:201–202 types of, 2:756–757

Political development and modernization, 1:81–90 criticisms of connection between, 1:86 dependency theory and, 1:84–85

economic growth and emergence of democracy, 1:84–85 1:

future research issues, 88–89

modernization, 1:82–83
natural resource curse and, 1:85–86
policy and promotion of democratization, 1:87–88
political order in changing societies, 1:84
selectorate theory and, 1:87, 88
social mobilization and, 1:86
survival and, 1:86
Political equality, 1:7
Political instability pathway, 1:127
Political institution
defining, 1:24
See also Neoinstitutionalism
Political machines, 2:272, 702, 769
Political man concept, 1:54
Political opportunity structure approach, 1:227–228
Political parties
gender and, 2:843
See also Comparative political parties: Systems and
organizations; Political parties, American
Political parties, American, 2:769–778
campaign financing, 2:776–777
components of, 2:770–772
defining, 2:769–770
functions of, 2:770
grassroots parties, 2:771–772
national committees, 2:771
organization of party, 2:771
party identification, 2:770
party in government, 2:770
party in the electorate, 2:770
political machines,	2:272, 769
state organizations,	2:771
third parties, 2:775–776
two-party system, 2:772–775
voters and, 2:770–771
Political party formation, 1:150–152
Political personality, 1:54
Political psychology, 1:51–59
central assumptions of, 1:51–53
coup studies and, 1:130
decision making and international politics,
1:56–57
emotion/neuroscience and, 1:57–58
methodology in, 1:53
personality studies,	1:54–55
roots of, 1:53–54
subfields of, 1:52–53
888 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

voting behavior/political attitude research, 1:55–56 Political rationality, 1:35

Political scarcity, 1:136

Political science 2:

game theory in, 546–548 2: modern democratic thought and, 605–606

Political science model on court case outcomes, 2:739
Political socialization, 2:805–812
agents of, 2:807–808
factors impacting, 2:806–807
how process works, 2:810
problems in study of, 2:810–811
recipients of, 2:808–809
significance of, 2:806
when socialization occurs, 2:809–810
Political spectrum studies, 2:640
Political stream,	2:826
Political surplus,	1:102
Political systems, founding of American, 2:685–698
anti-federalist view, 2:695
Articles of Confederation, 2:689–690
basic features of Constitution,			2:692–694
British legal history,		2:685–686
checks and balances,		2:693
classical republicanism and, 2:687
colonies transformation into states, 2:689
Constitution, 2:690–697
Constitutional convention, 2:690–691
Constitutional development, influences on, 2:685–687
Declaration of Independence,			2:688–689
economic issues, 2:692
federalist system, 2:693–694
federalist view, 2:695
First Continental Congress, 2:688
Judeo-Christian teachings and,				2:687
liberal arts/Enlightenment and,				2:686–687
natural rights philosophers and, 2:686
new government and Bill of Rights, 2:696–697
ratifying Constitution, 2:694
representation issues, 2:691–692
salutary neglect influence on,			2:687–688
Second Continental Congress,				2:688, 689
separation of powers and, 2:692–693
slavery issues,	2:692
supremacy of national law, 2:694
Political trust, 1:203–204
Political violence
internal, vs. civil war, 1:108–110
See also Terrorism
Politicians’ dilemma, 1:95–97
Politics (Aristotle), 2:557, 559
Politics of dependence,		2:565–556

Polyarchy, 1:267–268, 270, 2:606

Poole, Keith, 1:129

Popkin, S. L., 2:816

Popper, Karl, 2:454–455, 456–457

Populism, 2:678

Populist party, 1:251

Positive liberty, 2:616

Positive-sum game, 1:407–408

Positive theory of agency, 1:46

Positivism and its critique, 2:459–469 interpretivism and, 2:467

logical, 2:461 2: political science and, 453–454

scientific legitimacy and, 2:463–467 Possibility theorem, 1:37 Postanarchism, 2:629

Perestroika protest in political science, 1:9–10, 23 1:

Postbehavioralism, 3–4, 8–10, 63 Postmaterialism, 1:206 2: Postmodern constructivism, 472–473

Postmodernism, 1:11–21

Baudrillard on, 1:16, 19 constructivism and, 1:12 cultural shift toward, 1:206 Derrida on, 1:14–15 Foucault on, 1:15–16 1: future research issues, 20

Giddens on, 1:12, 13, 16–17, 19 Lyotard on, 1:12, 13, 14, 19 objectivism and, 1:12 1:

policy implications of, 19–20 1:

on social power and oppression, 17–19 theory on, 1:12–141:

Posttotalitarian state, 95

Poverty, 1:30

Power. See Balance of power

Predominant party system, 1:155 Prejudice, defining, 2:832

Presidency, 2:725–34 cabinet staffing, 2:727–728 campaigns, 2:798 Congress and, 2:729–730 courts and, 2:7312: economic policy, 732

executive branch and, 2:730–731 extraconstitutional powers of,

2:726–7272: foreign policy, 733

gender and, 2:844–845 2:

iron triangle exclusion of, 730–731 neoinstitutionalism on, 2:727

policy implications, 2:731–733 psychobiology on, 2:7272: signing statement threat, 733 social policy, 2:731–732 Straussians on, 1:64 2: transition to new president, 727 veto threat, 2:730 2:

White House staffing, 728–729

Index • 889

Presidentialism versus parliamentarism, 1:177–185 1:

cabinet dominance, 180

democratic instability and presidentialism, 1:182–183 1:

endogenously timed elections, 82, 181 Formateur party, 1:180

hybrid regimes, 1:180 1: multiple-party system, 181 parliamentarism overview, 1:181–182

parliamentary regime components, 1:180–182 presidential regime components, 1:177–180 presidentialism overview, 1:179–180 proportional representation, 1:181 single-member district, 1:181

Westminster model, 1:180, 181

Presidents, list of U.S., 2:726

See also Presidency 2:

Primary sampling unit (PSU), 517

Priming effects, 2:712, 713

Primitive communism, 2:651

Primitivism, 2:628

Primordialism, 1:142, 218, 2:635

Principal–agent theory, 1:43–50 adverse selection in, 1:43, 44 1:

application to toxic mortgage debt, 48–49 classic views of, 1:45–47

critiques of, 1:481: 1: moral hazard in, 43, 44–45

personal housing market and, 1:44 in political science, 1:47–48 1: positive theory of agency in, 46 tout court, 1:46 1: 2:

Prisoner’s-dilemma game, 290, 543–544 Pritchett, C. H., 2:737

Private property, 1:320 1: 2:

Probabilistic causation, 288, 535

Probability cluster sampling, 2:517

Probability sampling, 2:519–520

Probit analysis, 1:289 1:

Procedural democracy,1: 7 2:

Procedural rationality, 36,2: 816–817

Professional revolutionary, 653–654

Proletariat, 2:652, 656–657, 665

Prometheans, 1:4432:

Propensity scoring, 520

Proper Sphere of Government, The (Spencer),

2:596–597 1: 1: Proportional representation (PR), 160, 181 Proposition, scientific, 2:452

Prospect theory, 2:535–536

Protectionist trade policy, 1:409

Protest cycle, 1:230

890 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The
(Weber), 1:211
Protestant Reformation, 2:578, 583–584, 587–588, 589
Protestant Revolution, 1:210
Protestantism. See Christian political thought
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 2:626, 649, 655
Przeworski, A.,		1:86
Pseudo-science,		2:454–455
Psychoanalytic theory, 1:54, 355–356
Psychobiography, 1:54			2:727
Psychobiology, on presidency,
Psychocultural interpretation, of ethnic identity, 1:142
Psychological effects, in elections, 1:162
Psychological theory of opinion formation and voting,
2:817–818
Psycho-political construction, 2:634
Public administration studies on urban politics, 2:706
Public assistance, 2:597–598
Public choice theory, 1:39, 441
Public education, 1:174, 2:599
Public goods, 1:108
international,		1:425
Public opinion,		2:827–829
Public policy and administration, 2:786–795
agenda setting, 2:788			2:793
alternative research models,
decision-making models of,			2:790–791
evaluation of,		2:792–793
foundation for studying, 2:786–787
future research issues, 2:793–794
implementation, 2:791–792			2:787
open-system administration,
organizational process model of, 2:790–791
policy formulation and adoption, 2:788–790
rational-comprehensive model of, 2:790
stages models of public policy, 2:787–788
Punctuated-equilibrium, 2:793
Pursuit of happiness, 2:688–689
Putin, Vladimir, 1:263
Putnam, R. D., 1:195–196, 197, 199, 202–203,
341,	2:714, 818
Pye, L. W., 2:565

Qualitative content analysis, 2:492

Qualitative research, 1:285, 286, 287, 288, 289

See also Qualitative versus quantitative research

Qualitative versus quantitative research, 2:506–513 assumptions of qualitative research, 2:507 assumptions of quantitative research, 2:507 comparing/contrasting, 2:507–510

data analysis in, 2:509

data collection in, 2:508–509

definition of qualitative research, 2:507 definition of quantitative research, 2:507 future research issues, 2:511–512 2: limitations of qualitative methods, 511 limitations of quantitative methods, 2:510 qualitative methods, 2:510–511 2:

quantitative and qualitative research, 506–507 quantitative methods, 2:510

reporting of results in, 2:509 research design in, 2:508 research question in, 2:507–508 sampling in, 2:508

summary, 2:509–510 theorizing in, 2:508

Qur'an, 2:570 2:

Quantitative content analysis, 492

Quantitative research, 1:285, 286, 287–288, 289–290 formal theory and, 2:533–534

See also Qualitative versus quantitative research

Quasi-experimental design, 2:527, 819

Quebecois, 1:1432:

Queer approach, 862–863

See also LGBT issues and the queer approach

Rabin, Yitzhak, 1:340

Rabinowitz, G., 2:815

Race, ethnicity, and politics, 2:831–839 accommodationism, 2:833–834 acculturation and, 2:833

African Americans, 2:836–837

assimilation and, 2:833 2:

basic terms and concepts, 831–835 deracialization strategy, 2:838 discrimination, 2:832

ethnicity, defining, 2:832

Irish Americans, 2:835 2: majority and minority status, 831–833 Mexican Americans, 2:836 2: minority political strategies, 833–835 prejudice, defining, 2:832

race, defining, 2:832 2: racial/ethnic political theory, 831 racism, defining, 2:832 radicalism, 2:834–835 segregation, 2:832–833 separatism, 2:834 2:

social stratification,2: 832

urban politics and, 705 2: Radical comprehensive approach to bureaucracy, 747 Radicalism, 2:834–835, 837

Radicalized modernity, 1:17, 19

Rand, Ayn, 2:618

Random assignment, 2:524
Random sampling, 2:517–158
Rational actor model (RAM), 2:826, 827
Rational actor theory,	1:38–39
Rational choice
congresspersons and, 2:718
formal theory and, 2:534–536
institutional, 2:793	1:419
nonstate actors and,
voting behavior and, 2:815–816
See also Rationality and rational choice
Rational choice in game theory, 1:285
Rational choice institutionalism, 1:25, 162
Rational choice-driven game theory, 1:285, 286
Rational design and delegation, 1:428–429
Rational deterrence theory (RDT), 1:369–370,
371–372
Rational terrorist, 1:120
Rational-comprehensive model, 1:34, 2:790
Rationality and rational choice, 1:34–42
bounded rationality,	1:35–37
contemporary rational choice, 1:38–39
debate about, 1:39–40
economic rationality, 1:35–36, 39
foundations of rational choice, 1:37–38
legal rationality, 1:35
limits of, 1:35–36
objective rationality, 1:35
perspective theory and, 1:40
policy making/decision making and, 1:34–35
political rationality,	1:35
in political science,	1:38–40
procedural rationality, 1:36, 2:816–817
rational actor theory, 1:38–39
rational-comprehensive model, 1:34
religion and rationality, 1:214
social rationality, 1:35
Straussians on rational choice, 1:63
subjective rationality, 1:35
successive limited comparisons model, 1:34–35
See also Principal–agent theory
Rawls, John, 2:612, 620, 623
RDD poll, 2:517–518
Reagan, Ronald, 2:706, 731, 774, 825
Realism and neorealism, 1:311–318, 322
balance of interests thesis in, 1:315
balance of power thesis in, 1:315
balance of threat thesis in, 1:315
challenges to (neo)realism, 1:315–317
classical realism vs.	neorealism, 1:313–315

criticism of international relations, 1:304 economic interdependence and, 1:404

Index • 891

international organizations/regimes and,
1:426–427
international relations and, 1:304
neorealism on distribution of power, 1:37–39
neorealism overview,		1:312–313
realism overview, 1:311–312
Realist counterargument, to democratic peace, 1:390
Redistribution concept, 2:616
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke),
2:593–594
Reformation, 2:578, 2:587–588, 583–584
Reformist fundamentalism, 2:574
Regime theory
on nonstate actors, 1:416
Straussians and, 1:62–63
Regional/ethnic parties,		1:151
Regionalism, impact on trade, 1:411
Regression analysis, 2:478–89
bivariate regression,	2:478–481
coefficient of determination (R2), 2:481–483
dummy variables, 2:486–487
Gauss-Markov assumptions, 2:484–486
interaction terms, 2:487–488
multivariate regressions, 2:484
ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, 2:478
scatterplots in, 2:479–481
standard errors of coefficients, 2:483–484
Rehn-Meidner model,	2:661
Reification, fallacy of,	1:78
Religion and comparative politics, 1:209–216
ethnicity and, 1:214–215
in Europe, 1:212–213		1:210–211
evolution of religion,
institutional perspective on, 1:215
in Latin America, 1:213
liberation theology, 1:213
in Middle East, 1:214
rentier states, 1:214		1:212–213
sacred canopy model,
scope of, 1:211–212		1:211
secularization theory,
social capital and, 1:213–214
in United States, 1:213–214
Religion and politics in America, 2:847–855
accommodationists,	2:852–853
atheists, 2:850
evangelicals, 2:853

evidence for differences from rest of world, 2:847–848 federalism and, 2:853–854

importance of religion, 2:848–849 market theory on, 2:850–852 2: nondenominational churches, 850

892 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

secularization theory on, 2:859 separationists, 2:852 2: supply-side model on, 849–850

Religious law system, 1:187 1: Religious organizations, as nonstate actors, 418 Religious sects, 1:143

Renner, Karl, 2:634

Rentier effect, 1:86

See also Resources and rentierism, global politics of

Representative democracy, 1:269–270

Repression effect, 1:86

Republic (Plato), 2:557, 558–559

Republicanism, 1:269–270

classical, 2:687 Republicans, 2:772–775 Reputation theory, 1:373–374

Resource allocation, 1:72 1:

Resource dependence conflict,1: 135

Resource mobilization theory, 226–227, 229

Resource scarcity and political conflict, 1:133–140 as not inevitable, 1:137–138

climate change, 1:135–137 measurement issues, 1:137 1: resource dependence conflict, 135 trade theoretic model of, 1:134–135

Resources and rentierism, global politics of, 1:393–400 1:

applications/empirical evidence, 395–396 causal mechanism of rentier behavior, 1:394–395 foreign aid as rent, 1:396–397

policy implications of, 1:397–399 Resurgent ethnic identity, 1:219 Reverse causality, 2:810

Revisionism and social democracy, 2:655–663 achievements of, 2:6622:

capitalism reform and, 660–661 criticisms of, 2:662–663 2: defining social democracy, 659–662 democratic revisionism, 2:656–658 economism and, 2:662–663 2: environmental movement and, 662 expanding democracy by, 2:661–662

Germany and social democracy, 2:655–658, 660, 661 move from revisionism to social democracy, 2:658–659 practitioners of, 2:657 2:

Sweden and social democracy, 658–659, 661 welfare state and, 2:659–660

women’s movement and, 2:661–662 Revolution 2:

continuous, 1:670

from above, 253 2: Revolutionary socialists, 654

Revolutionary syndicalism, 2:641, 667 1: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), 110 Rhodes, R. A., 1:24, 25

Ricardo, David, 1:407–408, 2:650, 664

Ricardo–Viner theory, 1:408

Rice, Condoleezza, 1:382

Rich, Adrienne, 2:857

Rights of Man (Paine), 2:593, 619

Riker, William, 1:38, 40, 169–170, 2:609–610

Rivalry, conflict, and interstate war, 1:376–383

China, policy implications in, 1:382 cold war policy implications, 1:381–382 empirical evidence, 1:381

expected utility theory, 1:379–380 future research issues, 1:382–383 Iraq, policy implications in, 1:382 policy implications, 1:381–382 rivalry, 1:376–379

war initiation, 1:379–381

Roe v. Wade, 2:693 See Christian political thought

Roman Catholicism. 2:

Romania, fascist movement in, 646

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2:726, 727, 728, 761, 774

Roosevelt, Theodore, 2:726

Rose, Peter, 2:832

Ross, M. L., 1:134, 398

Rostow, W. W., 1:101 2:

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 592–593, 634, 664, 686 Rule of law, 1:268

Runyan, W. M., 1:345, 356

Russification, 2:668

Rwanda, 1:433, 2:637

Sacred canopy, 1:212–213

Sadat, Anwar, 1:3542:

Saint-Simon, Henri, 462, 664

Saltsjobadan Agreement, 2:659

Salutary neglect, 2:687–688

Sambanis, N., 1:109, 111

Satisficing, 1:36, 37, 52

Saudi Arabia 1:

rentier effects in, 398–399

See also Islamic political thought; Middle East Scapegoating, 1:145

Scatterplots, 2:479–481

Schema theory, 1:54

Schlesinger, A., 2:799–800

Science, evolution of in political science, 2:451–458 behaviorism, 2:453–454 2:

defining political science, 451–452 falsificationism and deduction, 2:454–455 interpretive political science, 2:455–456

positivism and induction, 2:453–454
scientific methodologies, 2:452–457
synergy, 2:456–457
Scientific analysis, 1:77		2:747
Scientific management theory,
Scope of research, 1:285–286
Scott, James,	2:825, 826
Secessionist conflicts, 1:109		2:688, 689
Second Continental Congress,
Secularization theory, 1:211, 2:859
Security dilemma, anarchism and, 1:378
Seesaw coup,	1:130
Segal, J. A., 2:739–740, 741
Segmented multipartism system, 1:155
Segregation
defining, 2:832–833
See also Race, ethnicity, and politics
Selectorate theory, 1:87, 88
Self-adjusting principle, 2:598, 600
Self-coup, 1:126
Selznick, P., 1:12, 2:791
Semiauthoritarianism, 1:258–266
case studies on, 1:263–264
competitive authoritarianism and, 1:261, 262
democracy/autocracy separation, 1:259–260
diminished subtypes in, 1:260, 262
electoral authoritarianism and, 1:260–261, 262
future research issues, 1:264
gray zone in, 1:259–262
gray-zone problem, strategies to solve, 1:260–262
hybrid regimes, quantitative evidence on, 1:262–263
hybrid regimes in, 1:261–262			1:264–265
implications for democracy assistance,
institutionalized semiauthoritarianism,			1:263–264
origins of, 1:259
output legitimacy in, 1:261
Semiotics, 1:16
Semi-periphery, 1:103, 331
Sensitivity analysis, 1:32
Separation of powers, 2:692–693
Separationists, religion and, 2:852
Separatism, 2:834		1:118–119, 120
September 11 attacks on U.S.,
Serbia, 1:145, 2:637
Shapiro, I., 1:40
Shari’a, 2:571
Shaw, Albert,	1:4
Shi’a school,	2:570–571
Shugart, Matthew, 1:178
Shumpeter, Joseph, 1:267
Signing statement threat, 2:733
Simon, Herbert, 1:35–36, 52, 2:745, 747

Simularca/simulations, 1:16
Simulation, 1:32
Single transferrable vote, 1:160
Single-member district (SMD), 1:160,
161, 163, 181
Single-party regime, 1:250–251
Situational perspective, on ethnic identity, 1:218, 219
Six Books of the Commonwealth (Bodin), 2:585
Skinheads, 2:646
Skinner, B. F., 1:55
Skocpol, Theda, 1:26, 91, 92, 231, 252–253, 2:460
Skyjacking, 1:118
Slave society, 2:651
Slavery, 2:692,	2:836
Small-N studies, 1:286, 287, 288
Smith, Adam, 1:30, 320, 407, 2:618, 650, 664
Smith, Rogers,	1:23
Social capital, 1:20, 193, 194–195, 202–203,
213–214, 298,		2:818
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 2:592–593, 634
Social contract theory, 2:589–593, 590
Social control, 1:15–16
Social Darwinism,		2:596, 600
Social Democratic Party (SDP), 2:600, 2:655–656
Social democracy.		See Revisionism and social
democracy
Social ecology,	2:627–628
Social equality,	1:7
Social factors, in ethnic conflict, 1:145
Social mobilization, modernization and, 1:86
Social movements, 1:225–232
civil rights movement, 1:227
cultural research approaches, 1:227
development of social movement studies, 1:226–228
early research approaches, 1:226
framing approach to, 1:228
future research issues, 1:230–231
global, 1:404
green movement, 1:227
grievances approach to, 1:228
participation in, 1:228, 229, 231
policy effects of, 1:229–230
political opportunity structure approach to, 1:227–228
resource mobilization theory on, 1:226–227
strain theory on,		1:227

transnational, 1:229 1: women’s movements, 230

Social networks, 1:193, 195–196

Social policy, presidency and, 2:731–732 1: Social power and oppression, construction of, 17–19 Social rationality, 1:35 1:

Social science, systemism approach to, 30

894 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

Social stratification, defining, 2:832
Socialdemokratiska Arbetarepartiet (SAP), 2: 658–659
Socialism
market, 2:678
See also Fascism and national socialism; Socialism
in the developing world
Socialism in the developing world, 2:673–681
anti-imperialism and anti-exploitation, 2:674
barriers to socialist transition, 2:674–675
case studies, 2:676–679
China, 2:677–678
Cuba, 2:676–677
economic development and, 2:673–674
Iraq, 2:677
Libya, 2:678–679
North Korea, 2:679
problems of variants of socialism in, 2:679–680
reasons to adopt socialism, 2:673–674
revisionist variant of socialism, 2:677
Soviet influence on,				2:674
traditional societies,				2:674
variants of socialism, 2:675–676
Yugoslavia, 2:678
Socialist parties, 1:151–252
Socialization process,				1:427
Society-centeredness approach, 1:91
Sociological institutionalism, 1:26
Sociological liberalism, 1:323–324
Sociological theory of opinion formation, 2:813–814
Sociology, history of discipline of, 1:3–10
behavioralism,		1:3–4, 1:6–8
Goodnow and,		1:5	1:9–10
Perestroika protest,
postbehavioralism,			1:3–4, 8–10
traditionalism, 1:3–5
W. Wilson and, 1:5
Socrates,	1:62–63, 65,			2:554, 555
Soft balancing (of power), 1:366
Soft law, 1:434
Somalia, 1:433
Sorel, Georges, 2:641
Soul, concept in ancient world, 2:555–256
South Africa, high courts in, 1:190
South Vietnam, 2:674
Sovereignty, state
democratic peace and, 1:384–386
globalization and, 1:405
Soviet Union
cold war and, 1:381–382, 2:637
dissolution of, 2:612, 637

elections in, 1:161 2: influence on socialism in the developing world, 674

Spain, language issues in, 1:174
Spanish Civil War, 2:627
Spatial modeling. See Formal theory and spatial
modeling
Spatial theory of voting, 2:537–538, 818–819
Speath, H. J., 2:739, 740
Spencer, Herbert, 2:596–600			2:787–788
Stages models of public policy,
Stalin, Joseph, 2:633–634
Stalinism, 2:668–669			2:483–484
Standard errors of coefficients,
Standpoint theory, 1:19
Stark, R., 2:850
State
international law and, 1:435–436
will of, 1:5
See also Statism
State and local government, 2:779–785
bureaucracy of state government, 2:783
county government, 2:783–784
governors, 2:781–782
municipal government, 2:784
state constitutions, 2:780–781
state judicial systems, 2:782–783
state legislatures, 2:782	2:780–783
state political structures,
states in federal system,	2:779–780
variety and inequality in, 2:780
State terror, 1:116
State-level campaigns, 2:798
State-nation, 2:634, 635
States-rights amendment, 2:780
Stationary subgame perfect Nash equilibrium,
2:546–547
Statism, 1:91–98			1:94–95
authoritarian states, types of,
autonomy and, 1:92
“bringing state back in” concept, 1:91, 92–93
definition of modern state, 1:92
domination of state, 1:92
nation-state and, 1:93–94
politicians’ dilemma and, 1:95–97
state building and structure, 1:93–95
third-world countries and,		1:94
weak state syndrome and,		1:95–97
Statistical models, 1:286
Steffens, Lincoln, 2:701–702
Stephanus numbers, 2:554
Stiglitz, Joseph, 1:135, 1:137
Stirner, Max, 2:627	1:408
Stolper–Samuelson theory,
Stone, Clarence, 2:700

Stone, Deborah, 2:793
Storing, Herbert, 1:63, 64, 66
Strain theory, 1:227
Strategic choice institutionalism, 1:25
Strategic model of judicial behavior, 2:736
Strategic terrorist, 1:120
Strauss, Leo, 1:60, 2:558
See also Straussians
Straussians, 1:60–68
classical political science preference of, 1:60–63
common sense problem and, 1:61–62
criticism of, 1:65–66			1:66
East Coast Straussians,
Midwest Straussians,		1:66
regime analysis and,		1:62–63
Straussian studies, 1:63–65
theological-political problem and, 1:66–67
West Coast Straussians, 1:66
Street fighting pluralism,			2:700
Structural functionalism.			See	Systems theory and
structural functionalism
Structural realism, 1:313
Structural-functional requisite analysis, 1:78
Structuralism
dependency theory and, 1:103–104
historical, 1:409–411			1:409–411
international trade and,
on perpetual peace,	1:387
Structuration theory, 1:17
Structure, defining, 1:77–78
Subject political culture, 1:201–202, 2:756
Subjective rationality,	1:35
Subtle media effects, 2:712–713
Successive limited comparisons model, 1:34–35
Suffrage, 1:153
Suicide attacks, by terrorists, 1:122–123
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 2:581–582
Sumner, William Graham, 2:600–603
Sun Yat-sen, 2:564
Sunni school, 2:570
Supply scarcity, 1:243
Supply-side model, 2:849–850
Supreme Court, U.S.,	1:188,			2:731
Surplus value, 1:102,	2:652			2:515–516
Survey questionnaire design,
Survey research, 2:514–522
attitude questions, 2:516
basic ideas in survey research, 2:514–518
belief sampling, 2:516
cellular phones and, 2:518–519
close-ended questions,			2:515–516

cross-national surveying, 2:520–521

				Index • 895
face-to-face interviews, 2:517
factual recall, 2:516			2:518
Mitofsky–Waksberg method,
open-ended questions, 2:515–516
order and wording of questions, 2:516
primary sampling units, 2:517
probability and nonprobability sampling, 2:519–520
probability cluster sampling,			2:517
propensity scoring, 2:520
random sampling, 2:517–518
randomized experiments vs.,			2:525–526
RDD poll, 2:517–518			2:515–516
survey questionnaire design,
telephone surveys, 2:517–518
in urban politics,		1:31
web survey methodology, 2:519
Survey-based experiments, 2:529
Survival analysis, 2:502–503
Sweden, social democracy in, 2:658–659, 661
Switzerland, regionally concentrated ethnic groups in,
1:146
Synergy, 2:456–457
Syria, 1:174, 2:674
Systematic policy analysis, 2:792
Systemism, 1:29–33
applications,	1:30–32
evolution of,	1:29–30
holism and, 1:29–30
in social science,		1:30
in urban politics,		1:30–31
individualism and, 1:29
policy and, 1:32–33
postulates of, 1:30
system analysis, 1:31–32
Systems. See Comparative political parties: Systems
and organizations
Systems analysis, 1:31–32			1:32
analysis and optimization in,
implementation in, 1:32
modeling in,	1:31–32
problem formulation in, 1:31
Systems theory and structural functionalism, 1:70–80
criticisms of system analysis, 1:74
functional analysis, applying to politics, 1:75–77
functional analysis, formal, 1:75
functional analysis, traditional, 1:75
functional analysis, types of,			1:75–79	1:73–74, 1:76
inputs and outputs in systems theory,
political system, 1:72
structural functionalism, 1:74–75				1:78–79
structural functionalism, criticism of,

structural functionalism, history of, 1:74–75

896 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE

system analysis applications, 1:72–74 systems theory overview, 1:70–74 terminology, 1:77–78

Tacit consent, 2:591

Taft, William H., 2:726, 773

Tanzania, 1:190

Tate, C. Neal, 1:186

Tax system, 1:48 2:

Taylor, Frederick,1: 747

Taylor, R. C. R., 25, 26

Teleology, 1:77 2:

Telephone surveys, 517–518 2: Temporary Autonomous Zone (TAZ), 628–629 Ten yardsticks of federalism, 1:170

Tennessee Valley Authority, 2:791

Term limits, 2:782 1:

Territorial cleavages, 151

Territorial system, 1:169–170

Terrorism, 1:115–123 1:

Al Qaeda and September 11 attacks, 118–119 anarchism as, 1:117 1:

as distinct form of political violence, 115–117 defining, 1:308–309

domestic, 1:117–1181: economic effects of, 122 effects of, 1:121–123 1: historical examples of, 117–119 historical patterns, 1:119 1:

historical use of terrorism, 115–1161: individual and group motivations in, 119–121 LGBT issues and, 2:863

poetic, 2:628 1: rational terrorist, 1201: September 11 attacks, 119 skyjacking as, 1:118 strategic terrorist, 1:120 structural causes of, 1:121

suicide attacks, 1:122–123
See also Anarchism
Tertiary associations, in civil society, 1:199
Teutonic Order, 2:641
Tewksbury, D., 2:714
Thatcher, Margaret, 2:661	1:66–67
Theological-political problem,
Theory assessment, 1:287–289
Theory generation, 1:284–285

Theory of Justice (Rawls), 2:620, 2:

Theory of revolutionary syndicalism, 667 Thick rationality, 1:39

Thick social capital, 1:195

Thin constructivism, 2:472

Thin rationality, 1:39
Thin social capital, 1:195
Think constructivism, 2:472–473
Third parties, 2:775–776
Third wave of democratization, 1:255, 275, 276
Third-world countries
state building and, 1:94
See also Resources and rentierism, global politics of;
Socialism in the developing world
Tibetans, in China, 1:143
Tickner, J. Ann, 1:346–347, 349
Tilly, Charles, 1:92, 116, 280–281
Titoism, 2:678
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1:63–64, 81, 194, 298, 2:753
Top-of-the-ticket contests, 2:798
Toronto Group. See Comparative environmental
politics and conflict
Totalitarian state, 1:95
Totalitarianism and authoritarianism, 1:249–257
autodictatorship, 1:250
bureaucratic-authoritarian system, 1:94, 253
cultural authoritarianism, 1:255
democratization and, 1:255–256
empirical questions,		1:252–256
fear and coercion in,		1:255
future research issues, 1:256
holism and totalitarianism, 1:30
ideology and, 1:255
legitimacy of authority, 1:249–250
mass spectacle and, 1:255
military regime, 1:251
monodictatorship, 1:250
mysticism and, 2:641
neopatrimonialism,	1:250
origins of regimes,	1:252–254
party regime, 1:250–251
performance-based legitimacy and, 1:254
personalist regime,	1:251
polyarchy, 1:250
predatory state, 1:254
rule and survival by regimes, 1:254–255
semidictatorship, 1:250
sultanism, 1:250
theoretical and definitional questions, 1:249–252
totalitarian regime,	1:251–52

See also Semiauthoritarianism1:

Tout court principal–agent theory, 46

Trade. See International political economy and trade

Trade theoretic model of resource scarcity/conflict, 1:134–135 1:

Traditional functional analysis, 75

Traditionalism, 1:3–5

Traditionalist fundamentalism, 2:574
Traditionalist political culture, 2:757
Transaction costs, 1:46, 48
Transcendental-pragmatic method, 2:610
Transfer economy, 1:254	1:402
Transfer of social technology,
Transnational social movements, 1:229
Transsexual/transgender movement, 2:859–860
Treaties, international, 1:433–434
Treaty of Versailles, 2:565, 824
Treaty of Westphalia, 1:432
Trial courts, 1:190–191
Trust, political, 1:203–204
Trust networks and categorical equality, 1:279
Tullock, Gordon, 1:37–38, 40, 2:536
Turbulence theory on nonstate actors, 1:416
Turkey, language issues in, 1:174
Two Treatises on Government	(Locke),
2:591, 617–618, 686	1:154
Two-and-a-half party system,
Two-party system, 2:772–275
Two-way interaction model, 2:791–792
Tyranny, 1:64

Ukraine, political culture in, 1:341
Unam Sanctam (Marsilio de Padua), 2:583
Unconscious anarchists, 2:629
Unified party government, 2:727
Unilateralism, 1:366
Unipolar system, of balance of power, 1:366
Unitary system, 1:168, 171–172, 174
United Kingdom
nuclear weapons in, 1:378
See also Great Britain
United Nations (UN), 1:436–437
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), 1:445–446
United States		1:174
decentralized education in,
dispersed ethnic groups in,		1:146
as federal system,	1:169
financial crisis in,	1:402

terrorist attacks on, 1:118–119, 120

See also Bureaucracy, American; Federalism,

American; Foreign policy, American; Judicial politics, American; Political parties, American; Political systems, founding of American; Religion and politics in America

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 1:415

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),

1:434, 436

Index • 897

Upanishads, 2:563
Urban politics, 2:699–707
at-large vs. district elections, 2:704
city within federal system, 2:701–792
commission form, 2:703–704
council-manager form, 2:703
elections, 2:704–705
home rule, 2:702
mayor-council-chief administrative officer form, 2:703
national government and, 2:701
national-level policy, 2:706
political machines,	2:272, 702, 769
political structures,	2:702–705
public administration studies on, 2:706
public policy, 2:706
race and ethnicity, 2:705
reform movement, 2:702–704
research methodology, 2:701
state governments,	2:702
strong mayor-council form, 2:703
systemism approach to, 1:30–31
theories of, 2:699–701
wealth and poverty,		2:705–706
Urdal, H., 1:134, 137
U.S. Congress, 2:717–724
agenda setting, 2:721
bureaucracy and, 1:48, 2:721–722
constituents will and, 2:718–719
courts and, 2:721
divided government and, 2:720–721
electoral dilemma and, 2:719
foreign policy and,	2:825–826
future research issues, 2:722–723
instructed delegate theory on, 2:718
interest groups and,		2:718, 722
policy implications,		2:720–722
presidency and, 2:729–730
public perceptions of, 2:719–720
theoretical background, 2:717–719			2:767
U.S. Supreme Court, federalism cases,
Utility maximization,	1:57, 2:534–535
Utopian structures, 1:78
Vanguard party, 2:666–667
Vattel, Emmerich de,	1:320
Venezuela
natural resources and, 1:85

rentier effects in, 1:398–399
Verba, S., 1:201–202, 285, 2:457, 757
Veto coup, 1:126
Veto power, of president, 1:178,	2:730
Vienna Circle, 2:453

898 • 21ST CENTURY POLITICAL SCIENCE
Vietnam, adoption of communism in, 2:674
Vietnam War, 1:230, 2:828–829	2:593
Vindication of the Rights of Women, A (Wollstonecraft),
Visibility, as LGBT issue, 2:862
Voegelin, E., 2:466
Voluntary associations, 1:203
Vote of confidence, 1:180
Vote of no confidence, 1:180
Voting behavior, 2:813–821
biological causes of, 2:819
collective action, 2:816
D term in, 2:816
decision making and, 1:38
Erfurt Program, 2:656, 661
ethnic groups and, 1:220–221
informational shortcuts, 2:816
media and opinion formation theories, 2:814–815
paradoxes, 2:536–537
political attitude research and, 1:55–56
procedural rationality, 2:816–817
psychological theory on, 2:817–818
rational choice theory on, 2:815–816, 819
recent research on, 2:818–819
social capital and voting, 2:818
sociological theories of, 2:813–814, 819
spatial theory of, 2:537–538
spatial theory of voting, 2:818–819
types of elections and, 2:819
voter efficacy, 1:163
Voting Rights Act, 2:837

Wagner, Richard, 2:642–643

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 1:101, 103, 331, 332 Walt, Stephen, 1:40, 378, 382

Waltz, Kenneth, 1:314, 315, 377, 379

War crimes, 1:116

War Powers Act, 2:825 2:

Warm neoclassical liberals on, 599

Warsaw Pact, 1:354 2:

Washington, Booker T., 836

Washington, George, 2:696, 744, 772

Weak state syndrome, 1:95–97

Weak states 1:

civil war and, 109, 113 ethnic conflict and, 1:144

Wealth of Nations (Smith), 2:618
Web survey methodology, 2:519
Weber, M., 2:490–291, 743
Weber, Max,	1:13, 47, 92, 211, 249–250
Weiss, Carol,	2:793
Welfare state, 1:236–37, 2:659–660
Wendt, A., 1:316, 427
Westernization, globalization as, 1:404–405
Westminster democracy, 1:180, 270–271
Westminster parliamentary system, 1:160, 169
What Social Classes Owe to Each Other
(Sumner), 2:600
White flight,	2:705
Wildavsky, Aaron,		1:35, 2:745, 791, 792
Wilson, Woodrow,		1:3, 5, 54–55, 312, 321, 355, 377,
2:773
Wolin, Sheldon, 2:466–467
Wollstonecraft, Mary,			2:593
Women’s movements,			1:230, 238–239
social democracy and, 2:661–662
See also Gender and politics; Gender and politics in
the United States
World Bank,	1:305, 329, 409, 424, 438
World Trade Center (WTC), 1:409, 412
See also September 11 attacks on U.S.
World Trade Organization (WTO), 1:305, 334,
407, 412, 424, 438
World-systems. See Dependency and
world-systems
WTB Plan, 2:658

Yearbook of International Organizations, The, 1:424
Yeltsin, Boris, 1:178, 263
Yoshida Doctrine, 2:565
Young, Michael, 1:356
Yugoslavia,	2:607–608, 637, 678
Zaire, 1:145	2:712–713, 814–715
Zaller, J. R.,
Zerzan, John, 2:628
Zhou Enlai,	2:565

Zimbabwe, 1:355

Zionism, 2:574 1:

Zuckert, Catherine, 66

Zuckert, Michael, 1:66