Conclusion

Arab-Muslim philosophy - the tradition of philosophical reflection, which arose and developed in the era of the rule of the Islamic world in a predominantly Arabic-speaking civilization and today has undergone a significant transformation under the influence of Western civilization and philosophy. The history of the Arab-Muslim philosophy includes three main stages: the classical or medieval (8-15 cc.); the late Middle Ages (16-19 cc.); Present (2nd floor. 19-20 in.). In the classical period, and there are developed five major philosophical trends and schools, to the late medieval stage is typical eclectic approach, modernity is characterized by the search for ways to preserve the foundations of civilization classical society in the new conditions.

CLASSIC (MEDIEVAL) period. Despite the fact that the term "classic" and "medieval" are Arab-Islamic, Western and Russian historians of philosophy, they can hardly be recognized as more than markers of specific historical and philosophical era due to fundamental difficulties disclosure of their contents in relation to traditions other than west. Classic period begins after about a hundred years after the rise of Islam, which were necessary in order that the new world associated with monotheistic religion, it captured the imagination. During this time the Islamic state spread over vast areas of the Middle East and North Africa, including in its orbit many nations have already experienced significant influence of the philosophical heritage of antiquity and professing Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Gnosticism. While these factors have had an impact on the emergence of theoretical reflection and, in particular, the philosophy in the Arab-Muslim world, the latter can not be reduced to the sum of external influences and borrowings. It is an independent historical-philosophical phenomenon, characterized by a way of defining the problem field and rational criteria for assessing the admissibility of statements of problems within its limits and the validity of their permits. On this basis, formed unit issues common to all the currents of the classical Arab-Muslim philosophy and serve it the subject of debate. It includes questions of metaphysics (first principle and its relation to multiple world, modes of existence, non-existence, and the ratio between them, causality), the theory of knowledge (truth, typology of knowledge, intuitive and discursive cognition), the doctrine of man (man, as endowed with the capacity of action and cognition almost contemplative man's relation to the world and the first elements).

List of references

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