- •English Lexicology
- •Preface
- •Organization and Content
- •Contents
- •Part I: Introduction
- •1.2 Methods and Procedures of Lexicological Analysis
- •Part II: The Structure of the English Lexicon
- •2.1 Words and Their Associative Fields
- •2.2 Word Families
- •2.3 Word Classes
- •2.4 Semantic, or Lexical, Fields
- •3.1 Synchronic Approach to the Structure of the English Vocabulary
- •3.1.1 Common, Literary, and Colloquial layers
- •3.1.2 Neologisms
- •3.2 Diachronic Approach: Etymological Survey of the English Word-Stock
- •3.2.1 Definition of Etymology
- •3.2.2 English Lexemes of Native Origin
- •3.2.3 Borrowed, or Loan, Lexemes
- •3.2.4 Classification of Borrowings according to the Degree of Assimilation
- •3.2.5 Etymological Doublets and Triplets
- •3.2.6 Folk Etymology
- •Part IV: The Word
- •4.1 Defining a Word
- •4.2 Morphological Structure of Words
- •4.2.1 Free and Bound Morphemes
- •4.2.2 Roots and Affixes
- •4.2.3 Stems
- •4.2.4 Types of affixes
- •4.2.5 Derivational and Functional Affixes
- •Inflection of Derived or Compound Words
- •4.2.6 Cliticization
- •4.2.7 Internal Change/Alternation
- •4.2.8 Suppletion
- •4.2.9 Reduplication
- •Part V: Word-Formation
- •5.1 Derivation/Affixation
- •5.1.1 Types of Derivational Affixes
- •5.2 Stress and Tone Placement
- •5.3 Compounding
- •5.3.1 Classification of Compounds
- •5.3.2 Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds
- •5.4 Reduplication
- •5.5 Conversion
- •5.6 Blend(ing)
- •5.7 Eponyms
- •5.8 Backformation
- •5.9 Clipping
- •5.10 Acronyms and Abbreviations
- •Part VI: Semantics
- •6.1 Types of Semantics
- •6.2 Word-Meaning
- •6.3 Types of Meaning
- •6.3.1 Grammatical Meaning
- •6.3.2 Lexical Meaning
- •6.3.3 Denotative Meaning
- •6.3.4 Connotative Meaning
- •6.3.5 Differential Meaning
- •6.3 6 Distributional Meaning
- •6.4 Phonetic, Morphological, and Semantic Motivation of Words
- •6.5 Semantics and Change of Meaning
- •7.1 Similarity of Sense
- •7.2 Oppositeness of Sense
- •7.3 Sense Categories: Hyponymy
- •7.4 Sense Categories: Meronymy
- •7.5 Related Senses
- •7.6 Unrelated Senses: Homonymy
- •7.7 Semantic Deviance
- •Part VIII: Word Groups and Phraseological Units
- •8.1 Basic Features of Word-groups
- •8.2 Phraseology
- •8.3 Definition of a Phraseological Unit
- •8.4 The Criteria of Phraseological Units
- •8.5 Classification of phraseologisms
- •8.6 The Origin of Phraseological Units
- •8.6.1 Native Phraseological Units
- •8.6.2 Borrowed Phraseological Units
- •8.7 Semantic Structure of Phraseological Units
- •8.8 Phraseological Meaning
- •8.9 Semantic Relations of Phraseological Units
- •8.9.1 Similarity of Sense
- •8.9.2 Oppositeness of Sense
- •9.1 Differences in Vocabulary between American and British English
- •9.2 Spelling Differences between American and British English
- •7.3 Grammatical Differences between American and British English
- •Part X: Lexicography
- •10.1 Main Types of Dictionaries
- •10.1.1 Non-linguistic Dictionaries: Encyclopaedias
- •10.1.2 Linguistic Dictionaries
- •Imitation
- •Glossary
Imitation
Nouns –1, imitation; copying, transcription; REPETITION, DUPLICATION, reduplication, quotation; paraphrase, takeoff, parody, travesty, burlesque; COPY, plagiarism, counterfeiting, forgery (see FALSEHOOD); reflection; REPRODUCTION; mockery, mimicry; simulation, pretense, sham, impersonation, imposture; facsimile, REPRESENTATION; semblance; assimilation.
2, imitator, mimic, echo, cuckoo, parrot, ape, monkey, mockingbird; forger, plagiarist, counterfeiter. Colloq., copycat.
Verbs—imitate, copy, mirror, reflect reproduce, repeat; echo, catch; transcribe; match, parallel; mock, take off, mimic, ape simulate, personate, impersonate; act (see DRAMA); represent (see REPRESENTATION); counterfeit, parody, travesty, caricature, burlesque; feign, dissemble (see FALSEHOOD); follow, pattern after; follow suit; take after, model after; emulate.
Adjectives—imitated, imitating; mock; mimic; modeled after, molded on; quasi, pseudo; paraphrastic; literal, imitative; secondhand; imitable; unoriginal.
Adverbs—imitatively; literally, to the letter, verbatim, literatim; sic; word for word.
Roget explains his aim and method: “The present Work is intended to supply… a collection of the words it contains and of idiomatic combinations peculiar to it, arranged …according to the ideas which they express” (as cited in Crystal, p. 158). One can see that thesaurus has some limitations—there are no definitions, and if he or she does not know the meaning of the lexeme, he or she still needs to look up it in the dictionary.
Summing up, lexicography is an applied science, and it deals with compiling different types of dictionaries and also theorizing about the process of their compilation. Lexicography sets “principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing a dictionary” (Jackson, 1991, p. 247). The underlying theory is lexicological theory; therefore, lexicography is considered a part of lexicology.
There are several approaches to the compilation of dictionaries but the most traditional is arranging headwords in an alphabetical order. Derivatives and compounds are given under the same headword. A dictionary has three parts: front-matter, the main body with an alphabetical list of headwords, and the third part has a number of appendices, where the dictionary editors include the information which they think will help the readers.
In a broad sense, dictionaries are divided into general-purpose and specialist dictionaries. They have their own purpose and audience, but the main purpose is to provide knowledge about the language lexicon. In the computer age, the audience is computer savvy; therefore, the most popular are online dictionaries. Most general-purpose dictionaries have developed online dictionaries, but specialist dictionaries have been slow in converting their format to an online version. Still, the future of dictionaries, like many reference works, will likely see increasing migration to the online environment.