3Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-8):

1. What does sustainability mean?

2. What level does nanotechnology operate?

3. What happens to objects in the nanoscale world?

4. What is the role of nano-enhanced products and processes?

5. Nanomaterials can increase material toxicity, and improve building insulation, cannot they?

6. What do nanoparticles open up?

7. Can you give the examples of nanomaterials?

8. What do current nanomaterials and nano-products show?

4Match the columns:

nanotechnology	describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time, a necessary precondition for human well-being.
sustainability	provides building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions.
green building	deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometres, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.
LEED	refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

5A) Find the synonyms in the text and rephrase the sentences using the given expressions:

progress, crucial problem, to be in great demand, yearly, modern ecological difficulties, to give new chances, basic features, exhaustible resource, to make heat isolation better, obvious betterments, advantages, rapid increase in numbers, to decrease cost.

6 Explain the words in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you.

7 Give the English equivalents to the following and use 5 of them in small situations:

не наносящий ущерба окружающей среде; совершенствование технологии; насущная экологическая проблема; устойчивое развитие; присущий в некоторой степени; на молекулярном уровне; открывать новые возможности; зависимость от невозобновляемых ресурсов; снизить токсичность материала; уникальные механические; электрические; оптические и реактивные свойства; совмещение синтетических и биологических материалов; тонкопленочная изоляция; демонстрировать очевидные улучшения состояния окружающей среды; принимать новые технологии; увеличение нанотехнологической продукции и материалов.

8Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:

AEROGEL

Brown University 1)_____ has several aerogel technologies available for licensing, including one that can be used as a coating to permit 2)_____ on materials that normally cannot be printed on. These aerogels can bind 3)_____ gases for use as detectors, and can be colored or ground into very small particles and applied like ink using a printer. They are also transparent and have a low refractive index, making them 4)_____ as light-weight optical materials. Also aerogels (Fig. 8.3) offer 2-3 times the insulating value of other common insulating materials.

Figure 8.3 Aerogel: the World’s Lightest Solid	Figure 8.4. Jubilee Church in Rome by Richard Meier and Partners

THIN-FILM INSULATION

Insulating nanocoatings can also be applied as thin films to glass and fabrics. Masa Shade Curtains, for example, are fiber sheets coated with a nanoscale stainless steel film. Thanks to 5)_____ steel's ability to absorb infrared rays, these curtains are able to block out sunlight, 6) _____ room temperatures in summer by 2-3º C more than conventional products, and reduce electrical expenses for air conditioning, according to 7) _____ claims.

SELF-CLEANING COATINGS

Self-cleaning surfaces have become a reality thanks to photocatalytic coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles initiate photocatalysis, a process by which dirt is broken down by 8) _____ to the sun’s ultraviolet rays and washed away by rain. Volatile organic compounds are 9) _____ into carbon dioxide and water. Today’s self-cleaning surfaces are made by 10) _____ a thin nanocoating film, painting a nanocoating on, or integrating nanoparticles into the surface layer of a substrate material.

Self-cleaning facade systems can be found in the Jubilee Church in Rome by Richard Meier and Partners (Fig. 8.4.), the Marunouchi Building in downtown Tokyo, the General Hospital in Carmarthen, UK, and Herzog & de Meuron’s Bond Street Apartment Building in New York.

CURRENT

PRINT

VARY

USE

STAIN

LOW

MANUFACTURE

EXPOSE

OXIDIZE

APPLY