8. In a paragraph of 70-100 words, and using your own words, as far as possible, summarize what the text tells us about orders of architecture.

9. Find and present additional information on any type of orders you like.

WORD LIST

replacement, n	замена
pillar, n	столб, колонна
carpentry, n	плотничное дело
eventually, adv	в конце концов
order, n	ордер
arrangement, n	расположение
entablature, n	антаблемент
define, v	определять
pattern, n	модель, образец
shell, n	оболочка, каркас
Doric order	дорический ордер
Ionic order	ионический ордер
Corinthian order	коринфский ордер
Tuscan order	тосканский ордер
Сomposite order	композитный ордер
evolve, v	происходить
intimation, n	указание, сообщение
elaborately, adv	тщательно (разрабатывать)
carve, v	резать, вырезать
floral hoop, n	обруч в виде рисунка или узор, изображающего цветы
fussy, adj	вычурный, аляповатый
exceed, v	превышать, превосходить
acanthus leaf	лист аканта
advantage, n	преимущество
corner, n	угол
frieze, n	фриз, бордюр
mutules, n pl	мутулы

“Most architectural forms can be classified as additive, subtractive, shaped, or abstract.

Additive forms appear to have been assembled from individual pieces.

Subtractive forms appear to have been carved or cut from a previously “whole” form.

Shaped or molded forms appear to have been formed from a plastic material through directly applied force.

Abstract forms are of uncertain origin”.

Matthew Frederick (architect)

Unit 4

Mortars

Read the text:

(§1) Mortar is the matrix used in the beds and the side joints of brickwork and for plastering walls and floors. Its functions are as follows:

1. To distribute the pressure throughout the brickwork;

2. To adhere and bind together the bricks;

3. To act as a non-conductor and prevent the transmission of heat, sound, and moisture from one side of wall to the other.

(§2) Mortar consists of an inert aggregate bound by a cementing material. The cementing material is most important in determining characteristics of the mortar. The usual cementing materials used for constructional work are hydraulic limes or Portland cement.

(§3) Clean, sharp pit sand is the best aggregate. Old bricks, burnt ballast or stones ground in a mortar mill may be used as substitutes for sand.

(§4) Mortars may be classified as follows:

1. cement mortars;

2. cement-lime mortars;

3. lime mortars.

(§5) Lime Mortar. This is a mixture of quick lime and sand in the proportion of 1 part lime to 2 or 3 parts sand in addition to water. It is the principal material used for bedding and jointing bricks, stones etc.

(§6) Non-hydraulic Lime Mortars must be well slaked before use. This type can be stored in a heap for several days after mixing. These mortars are not suitable for work below ground level, especially if the ground is water-logged.

(§7) Hydraulic Lime Mortars should be used within an hour after being mixed. Any mortar which has stiffened and cannot be knocked up by means of a trowel to a sufficiently plastic condition should never be used.

(§8) Cement Mortars. It is stronger than lime mortar and it is used in the construction of piers and load-bearing walls; it is also employed for work below ground level and for external walls. Cement Mortar is extensively used during winter, owing to its relatively quick-setting property.

(§9) Lime-Cement or Compo Mortars. Compo is a mixture of lime, cement and sand. It is usual to mix the lime mortar and then to gauge this mixture with the necessary proportion of Portland cement immediately before the mortar is required for use.

(§10) Cement Mortar produces the strongest brickwork; non-hydraulic lime mortar is approximately half the strength of that in cement mortar; hydraulic mortars are intermediate between that of cement and non-hydraulic lime mortars. The strength of compo mortars depend upon the cement content and may be very little less than that of cement mortar.

Assignments:

1. Present phonetic reading of §§ 5 – 8.

2. Explain the expressions in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you.

3. Give the English equivalents:

строительный раствор; состоять из; обычные материалы; гасить; болотистая местность; с помощью кельмы; свойство; зависеть от содержания цемента; разнообразные цели; заменитель песка; строительство плотин; Портленд цемент; предотвращать трансмиссию.

4. Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-9):

1. What is the definition of mortar?

2. What are the functions of mortar?

3. What does mortar consist of?

4. What material can be used instead of sand?

5. How can mortars be classified?

6. What are the types of lime mortar?

7. What are the peculiarities of cement mortar? Compo mortar?

8. What mortar is the strongest one? The weakest one?

5. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. Old bricks can be used instead of sand.

2. One of the functions of mortar is to prevent porosity of mortars.

3. Non-hydraulic mortar is the weakest one.

4. Compo mortar is the mixture of lime, brick and water.

5. The usual cementing materials used for constructional work are hydraulic limes or Portland cement.

6. The strength of compo mortars doesn’t depend upon the cement content.