At six o'clock at the laboratory.

W.: Good evening, Tom. Good evening Mr. Smith.

S.: Good evening, Tom. Good evening Mr. Wilson. Mr. Edison is

experimenting with a microscope. All his interest is there.

Would you mind walking around for a while looking at Mr.

Edison's inventions. W.: With pleasure. S.: In a few minutes dinner will be brought. We usually eat our

dinner here. Don't you mind? W.: Certainly not.

S.: The dinner is ready. Let Mr. Edison know you are here.

W.: Shall we eat, Tom? But he doesn't answer. S.: He is busy working with his microscope.

W.: But I am quite hungry. Tom, the food looks good, and it is

getting cold. S.: You see, Mr.Edison never stops working for a second till he

is satisfied with what he is doing. W.: Then let's sit down and eat.

Two hours later Mr.Wilson and Smith finished eating and left the laboratory

Ed. (entering the laboratory): Oh, I am hungry. If those dishes were

not empty, I'd say I've had no dinner tonight. Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. Electricity itanature history and development.

2. Applications of electricity cover all fields of human activity .

Use exercises 1,2, as well as the following words and word combinations for your topic: it is difficult to imagine; applications such as; completely; to replace; to come into wide use; to double every ten years; to be an indicator; the latest technological advances. Exercise 5. Read and smile:

A young doctor, the son of a well-known professor of medicine, proudly (с гордостью) told his father one day: " Imagine, dad! I've cured (выле­чить) that lady that has been your patient for ten years".

"She deserved (заслужить)it. It was she who had paid for vour studies," his father replied.

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"Where did the car hit him?", asked the coroner (следователь). "At the junction (стык, перекресток) of the dorsal and cervial vertebrae (спинных и шейных позвонков)", answered the doctor. A big man rose from his seat. "Listen, I've lived in these parts for fifty years", he protested, " and I've never heard of this place."

TEXT 3B

Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на вопрос, почему Эдисон сказал: "Don't watch the clock".

A Great Citizen of the World

Every day many people visited Thomas A.Edison's laboratories in Orange, New Jersey. Some of them were young inventors who went to study, but many more of them were tourists. They came from all parts of the US and from other countries as well.

One day a very important citizen from England visited Edison's factories, taking with him his young son.eight years old. They spent many hours in great workshops, looking at hundreds of useful inventions.

Before leaving the laboratories the man went to the office of the main building. Giving his card to the person in charge, he asked: "May I speak to Mr.Edison, please?". The man looked at the card and then answered: "Wait a minute, I'll see". Soon he returned and said: "Come this way, please. Mr.Edison will see you."

The father and his son went into the great inventor's workroom. "Mr.Edison", said the Englishman, "I brought my young son here to see what the world's greatest citizen has done. I want this day to help him all his life. Will you please shake hands with him and say something that he

will remember?"

Mr. Edison took the boy's hand. He laid his other hand on the child's shoulder and looked into his eyes. "My boy", he said, "don't watch the

clock."

In 1928 Mr. Edison was eighty-one years old, but he still worked

sixteen hours a day.

TEXT3C

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о преимуществах солнечной энергии в качестве источника электричества.

Solar Light by Night Most people living in towns consider it a usual thing that streets are lit at night. But street lights need a power supply ( источник энергии) therefore distant areas with no source of electricity remain in darkness until the sun comes up again.

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With new appliances now offered by several British firms, many distant places could be lit with solar-powered street lights. It may seem strange that the lamps can use the power of the sun which shines by day when the lamps are needed at night, but they work by using energy accumulated during the day from a solar panel. The solar panel produces electricity which charges (заряжать) a battery. When the sun goes down the battery power is then used for lighting. Each lamp has its own panel so the system can be used for one individual light or a number of them.

In the south of Saudi Arabia a motorway tunnel miles from any power supply is lit day and night by solar-powered devices. The solar panels provide power during the day and charge batteries which accumulate enough power to light the tunnel at night. The generation of electricity oy batteries is still expensive but the advantage of sun-powered lamps is that they can bring light to areas distant from any other power supply.

There is one more advantage of solar power: not only it is unlimited, but also its use does not pollute the environment. That is why it is very important to develop devices which make it possible to transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power.

TEXT 3D

Прочитайте текст. Найдите информацию о наиболее перспективных источниках энергии и об основных отличиях нетрадиционных источников энергии от традиционных. Изложите основное содержание текста по-английски.

Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy

It is known that much is being done in the world today for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without them the Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion people and probably 8 billion people in the 21-st century.

Now we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural gas, coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not unlimited.

That is why it is so important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.

One of the most promising (перспективный) research is the development of power stations with direct transformation of solar energy into electricity on the basis of photoeffect. It was Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a photoelectric battery of 32,000 volts and effective area of only 0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation. This idea is now being intensively developed in many countries.

However, the efficiency of a solar power station is considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work during the year. But it is possible to

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improve the efficiency of solar power stations by developing different combinations of solar power stations and traditional ones - thermal, atomic and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of developing electric power stations with the use of a thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on products of the transformation of solar energy, whereas the "solar" chemical reactor uses C0₂ and water steam of the thermal power station. The result is that we have a closed cycle.

In Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations operating on hot water-steam mixture from the depths of about a kilometre. In some projects water will be heated by the warmth of mountains at a depth of four - five km.

It is planned that plants working on the energy of the solar heat provided by the sun will be built on a larger scale.

That different wind energy plants are being developed is also well-known. These energy plants can be small (of several kilowattes) and large powerful systems.

It is important that all these advances in developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones help to solve the energy problem as a whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.

LESSON 4

Согласование времен

Дополнение

Дополнительные придаточные предложения

Суффикс -iblel-able

Префикс dis-

Текст 4А. Television

Текст 4В. Telegraph

Текст 4С. Telephone

Текст 4D. Talking via Space

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Повторите времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующую форму:

At the time I first (meet) Mr. Allen in 1990, he (consider) the possibility of studying foreign languages again. He (forget) everything that he (learn) about Latin and French at school. The languages that he (want) (learn) at that time (be) Spanish and Portuguese. He (to be going) to study those languages in the Department of General Education at New York University. Therefore, he (enrol) that school in 1991.

After my friend (finish) studying at New York University he (decide) (go) to South America for a year. Because he (be, never) there before, he (enjoy) visiting the famous cities of Brazil and Argentina. He liked Sao Paulo so much that he (consider) staying there much longer. Before that time he (hope, always) to find a place with an ideal climate. Therefore, Sao Paulo (seem) to be a real paradise (рай). However, he (spend) all his money and (to be forced) to return.

Now my friend Mr. Allen (plan) (visit) France next year. He (leave) for Paris on March 15. Mr. Allen (visit) also Germany on the same trip.He realizes that he must (learn) French and German before he (go) to Europe. At present he (take) a course in French in preparation for the trip. He (think) that French (be) quite easy.Of course he (be, never) in France before, so he (have) little opportunity to hear French. He (work) very hard at his French every day. He (studv) German at New York University next

45

semester. 1 am sure that he (have) no language problem in the other countries when he (get) there. Many people in those countries (under­stand) English or French.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, учитывая правило согласования времен:

1. We knew that his family lived in Orel. 2. He said that the students of that group were studying in the library. 3. She thought that she might finish her work by two o'clock. 4.1 didn't think he could come there in time. 5. She said that her name was Lena. 6. The students were told that they had three lectures every day. 7. The dean said that he was busy. 8. We found that he had studied mathematics at the University. 9. The newspapers reported that the Trade Union Congress had finished its work. 10. Students were informed that they would have industrial training in the third year. 11. The weather-man reported over the radio that it would be cold on the following weekend. 12. The students were told at the lecture that dynamo had been invented at the«nd of the 19-th century.

Упражнение З. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму согласно правилу согласования времен:

1. The engineer was told that he (may) test the device in the afternoon. 2. Itwas known that the head of our laboratory (to be) a graduate of Moscow University. 3. They thought that she(to graduate)from a technical institute. 4. Our professor informed us that he (to give) the following lecture on quantum mechanics on Monday. 5. At the meeting it was said that our lecturer (to work) at a new program of laboratory work. 6. The teacher told us that the term "engineering" (to have) many Russian equivalents. | 7. The chief engineer believed that we (to work) at that problem for a month the following summer.

Упражнение 4. Определите, чем выражено дополнение, переведите предложения:

1. The students of our group saw a new film yesterday. They said it was very interesting. 2. The dean's assistant told us to do all our work in time. 3. Our laboratory has been equipped with modern devices. 4. The students were informed at the meeting that they would have their practical training in Petersburg. 5. We asked the dean if he was busy. 6. The new student asked when our lectures would begin. 7. He also asked to show him where the chemistry laboratory was. 8. He wanted to know whether we had already had our industrial training. 9.1 did not know then if I should see him again. 10. We didn't know whether it would be possible to use a computer for our work.

Упражнение 5. Переведите на английский язык: j

1. Мой друг сказал, что он много работает. 2. Ученый сообщил, что

он написал статью о своей работе. 3. Меня спросили, сделал ли я свою

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работу. 4. Она хотела знать, будет ли он летом в Москве. 5. Мы спросили преподавателя, сколько новых слов в четвёртом уроке. 6. Мы не знали, будет ли у него практика летом. 7. Он сказал, что знает два иностранных языка. 8. Он знал, что ее брат живет в Самаре.

упражнение 6. Обратите внимание на перевод предлога by в следующих предложе­ниях:

1. By 3 o'clock I shall be free and go with you to the library. 2. By the end of the second year we shall have finished studying the main engineering subjects. 3. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 4. By the year 2000 cable television will have been used more widely. 5. By the spring of 1945 World War II was over.

Упражнение 7. Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих словосочетаний:

it is true; compared to; to be of importance; a lot of; to be interested in; like; a step forward; the number of lines; at the right time; direct to; regular service; to put into memory.

интересоваться; иметь значение; по сравнению с; ввести в память; шаг вперед; подобно; верно (правильно); регулярные передачи; в нуж­ное время; много; число (количество)строк; непосредственно на.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 8. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно образцу: существительное или глагол + -ible/ -able - прилагательное access - доступ -* accessable -доступный to rely-доверять -* reliable - надежный,

to use - usable, to consider - considerable, to avail - available; префикс dis- (имеет отрицательное значение) to appear- появляться -* to disappear- исчезать to like - to dislike, illusion - disillusion, similar - dissimilar, comfort - discomfort, to connect - to disconnect, connection -disconnection, connected - disconnected, to organize - to disorganize, organized - disor-ganized, organization - disorganization.

Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слона: television ['teli,vi3an], action ['жк/эп ], territory ['tcritari j, material Ima tiarial], million ['miljan ], communication [ka,mjuni'kei/an ], central l^sentraJ], program ['praugram], transmission [tranz'mi/эп J, telephone t telifaun ], cable ['keibl], signal ['sign! ], crystal ['kristl ], code [kaud], ^VlSual f'vizjuel J, video, regular frcgjula ], zones I'zaunz I-

-17

means n - средство nowadays adv - сейчас, в настоя­щее время occupy v- занимать occur v- происходить, возникать rapidly adv- быстро research n - исследование simultaneously adv-одновремен­но

state v- утверждать switch on v - включать time n - время, раз transmit v - передавать watch v - наблюдать, смотреть weigh v - весить, взвешивать within prp - в пределах, в, через

Упражнение 10. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов: tiny ['taini], fair [fta ], research [ri'sa:t/], to spread [spred ], instead [in'sted], watch [wot/], provide [pra'vaid], artificial [_;a:ti'fi/a 1 ], convenient [kan'vi:njant ], nowadays [nauadeiz ], wire [waia ], launching [hnt/irj], to break [breik], to produce [pra'dju:s], production [pra'dAk/an], to weigh [wei], clear [klia ], major ['meidga], available [a'veilabl], satellite ['saetalait], size [saiz], tape [teip], liquid ['likwid].

Слова и словосочетания для запоминания

appear v - появляться artificial a - искусственный compare v - сравнивать contain v-содержать, вмещать continuous a - непрерывный convenient a - удобный direct а - прямой, непосредствен­ный

during prp - в течение, во время, в продолжение

equipment n - оборудование essentially adv - по существу, глав­ным образом etc (etcetera) - и т. д. few a - мало, немного; a few - несколько influence n - влияние

a lot of - много;

to be able to - мочь, быть в состоянии

TEXT 4A

Прочитайте текст и определите его тему. Найдите абзацы, содержащие информа­цию о развитии различных видов телевизионных систем в хронологической последова­тельности. Переведите.

Television

It is true that an important thing can have a small beginning. A tiny nine-by-twelve inch box was the centre of attention for hundreds of people at the 1939 World's Fairin New York. They were the first to see a television set in action. Compared to today's TV shows of underwater and outer-space research, those first black-white pictures were not very good. The pictures were only transmitted from one side of the Fair territory to the other. But in 1939 they were of historical importance.

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Within a few days the news of television spread throughout the world. A lot of people wanted to have a look at the new invention Everyone was interested in it. But only few people owned television sets in the next few years. When World War II broke out electronic factories that began the TV production stopped making them and started making war materials instead. When the war was over, TV sets began coming off factory assembly lines.By 1958 there were millions of them.

In a surprisingly short time people watched fewer films ana turned rrom newspapers and magazines to TV. In its short history television has had great influence on people's life and way of thinking. Rocket-launching, concerts and football and tennis matches can be seen as they occur.The boundaries of time and space have disappeared.

At present TV communication is provided with the help of a system of artificial earth satellites so that people living in different parts of the country and all over the world and in different time zones are able to watch the central TV programs at the most convenient hours.

Nowadays many countries also have cable TV, a system using wires for the transmission of television programs (like telephone calls). Cable television first appeared in 1949 as a means of transmitting TV signals to rural and mountainareas far from big cities. Cable television's next big step forward was made by the mid - 1980s. Scientists announced that many technical problems had been solved and in the future it would be possible via satellite and cable TV to use more channels on a TV set at every home in the world.

Then we saw how a new technical invention, colour television, was rapidly replacing black-and-white television. Recently it was reported that the first pocket-size colour television set had been developed. It was staled that a liquid -crystal display was used similar to those on calculators and watches and that it weighed less than a pound.

A few years ago it became evident that the next major advance for TV would be digital television. In a digital system the usual continuous signal is replaced by a digital code containing detailed information on brightness, colour, etc. A digital TV set hangs on the wall like a picture. Essentially, it is a minicomputer with a visual display. Once a week you put the programs you like into the memory, and the TV set will automatically switch on the desired channel at the right time. You can watch several programs simultaneously on miniscreens and then produce one of them in full format. Also, the TV set can automatically video-record the programs when you are absent or occupied.

By the end of 1980s television has moved to a new and the most important stage in its development since the appearance of colour television. Technically it is called high-definition television (HDTV)⁶ or Hi-Vision. This is a television of the 21-st century. This revolution was

4-2501

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started by Japanese manufacturers when they developed a new video system with a picture resembling a wide-screen film more than traditional television. The new system doubles the number of lines, as well as increases the screen's width-to-height ratio7. The result is a picture five times sharper than in the existing TV sets. This revolutionary system was used during the Seoul Summer Olympics. Since 1990 a new communication satellite has begun to offer regular Hi-Vision service direct to tiny antennae on houses' roofs. By the year 2000 HDTV equipment will likely find its application not only in homes, but also in industry, medicine, even film production.