3. Read and render it in Ukrainian.

23. Murder.

24. In English tradition murder was defined as the willful killing with malice aforethought of a human creature in being within the king's peace, the death occurring within a year and a day of the injury. Most of these elements remain in modern definitions of the crime — the requirement that the victim is «in being», for instance, distinguishes abortion from murder — although in some respects the definition has become more complex. Many of the problems of defining murder have centred on the mental element — the «malice aforethought».

25. The old English rule extended this concept to include not only intentional or deliberate killings but also accidental killings in the course of some other serious crime (such as robbery or rape). This rule, the felony murder rule, was adopted in many other jurisdictions, although it has often produced harsh results when death has been caused accidentally in the course of what was intended to be a minor crime. The rule was abolished in England in 1957, but since then English law has been in a state of confusion over the precise definition of murders. It is now settled that an intention to cause serious bodily injury is sufficient, but the precise interpretation of intention in this context remains controversial. Similar problems have arisen in many U.S. jurisdictions, some of which distinguish between different degrees of murder — first-degree murder may require proof of premeditatian over and above the normal requirement of intention.

26. Virtually all systems treat murder as a crime of the utmost gravity, providing in some cases the death penalty or special form of sentence, such as a mandatory (обов’язковий, примусовий) life sentence, often with restrictions on parole.

3. Answer the questions:

1. In what way was the term murder defined in English tradition?

2. Are there any problems of definition of murder?

3. Where are they centred?

4. What rule was abolished in 1957?

5. What remains problematic in the definition of murder?

6. In what way do all systems treat murder?

3. Translate the words and word-combinations in bold type.

29. .

3. Study Grammar material:

31. Герундій – дуже вживана форма англійського дієслова, яка не має повної відповідності в українській мові. Ця своєрідна форма дієслова має одночасно не тільки властивостями дієслова, але й іменника. На українську мову герундій перекладається по-різному: неозначеною формою дієслова, віддієслівним іменником, дієприслівником, підрядним реченням.

32. За зовнішньою формою герундій співпадає повністю з Participle I: seeing, deciding etc.

33. (дієслово у неозначеній формі + закінчення -ING)

34. Дієслівні ознаки, властиві герундію: він може мати при собі обставину:

35. Stop talking so fast! – Припиніть говорити так швидко!

36. або непряме доповнення:

37. I like reading detective stories. – Мені подобається читати детективні розповіді.

38. Ознаки іменника: герундій може виконувати майже всі синтаксичні функції іменника, тобто може бути практично будь-яким членом речення. Перед ним, як і перед іменником можуть стояти прийменники, присвійні займенники, іменники у присвійному відмінку:

40. He finished translating the text.

41. They enjoy watching films about animals.

42. I know of his being in the town.

43. I like the idea of Mike’s spending holidays with us.

44. On coming home he has dinner.

102. virtually — фактически, в сущности

103. to provide the death penalty — предусмотреть смертный приговор

104. theft — воровство

105. fraud — обман, мошенничество

106. burglary — берглэри, кража со взломом

107. trepasser — правонарушитель, причинитель вреда

109. Crimes of the Utmost Gravity

110. Read the text and discuss it.

111. Vocabulary in Context

112. Ex.4. Memorize the following basic words and phrases of the text: offense — преступление, правонарушение, посягательство to prohibit — запрещать

113. felony — фелония (категория тяжких преступлений) forfeiture — потеря, утрата, штраф, конфискация perpetrator — нарушитель уголовного закона, преступник

114. misdemeanours — мисдиминор (категорий наименее опасных преступлений)

115. fine — штраф, налагать штраф, штрафовать

116. suspect — подозреваемое или подозрительное лицо, подозревать

117. suspicion — подозрение

118. to commit an offense — совершить преступление

119. arson — поджог

120. rape — изнасилование, насиловать, изнасиловать

121. gravity — серьезность, тяжесть (правонарушения)

122. willful killing — преднамеренное убийство

123. malice aforethought of a human creature — заранее обдуманный злой умысел, злое предумышление

124. deliberate killing — преднамеренное убийство

125. accidental — случайный

126. harsh results — неприятные (жесткие) результаты

127. controversial — противоречивый

128. Similar problems have arisen (in) — такие же проблемы возникли

129. premediation — заранее обдуманное намерение, заранее обдуманный умысел

130. virtually — фактически, в сущности

131. to provide the death penalty — предусмотреть смертный приговор

132. theft — воровство

133. fraud — обман, мошенничество

134. burglary — берглэри, кража со взломом

135. trepasser — правонарушитель, причинитель вреда

136. to mug — грабить (на улице)

137. mandatory life sentence — приговор к пожизненному тюремному заключению (окончательный)

138. restriction on parole — ограничения, связанные с условно-досрочным освобождением под ч.л. присмотр

139. larceny — похищение имущества

140. criminal intent — преступное намерение

141. removal — удаление,permanently — длящийся, непрерывный, постоянный

142. to commit a felony — совершить тяжкое преступление

143. robbery — грабеж

144. violence — насилие, оскорбление действием, изнасилование

145. to secure escape — гарантировать (обеспечить) бегство из-под стражи, побег

146. to have in one's possession — иметь в чьем-либо распоряжении

147. premises — вышеизложенное; вышеуказанное, констатирующая часть искового заявления

148. to involve — вовлекать

149. intimidation — запугивание

150. sexual intercourse — половое сношение

151. by force — с помощью силы

152. by fraud — путем обмана (мошенничества)

153. to commit rape — изнасиловать

154. to persuade a victim — склонить, уговорить жертву

155. to imperson — обезличить

156. penetration — проникновение

157. ejaculation — внезапно изверженная жидкость, эякуляция

158. abuse — оскорбление, брань, бесчестить

159. I

160. 130

161. 9*2-14

162. 131

163. cross-examination — перекрестный допрос

164. accused — обвиняемый

165. guilt — виновный

166. grave crime — тяжкое преступление

167. to sentence to imprisonment — приговорить к заключению

168. EXERCISES TO BE DONE IN WRITING

169. Context Vocabulary

170. Ex.5. Give the English for:

171. грабить на улице, угроза силой, проникновение в жилое помещение, совершить тяжкое преступление, много других преступлений, совершить кражу, правонарушитель, с намерением, преступное намерение, вовлечь участников в преступление, силой или запугиванием, традиционное определение, украсть какую-либо сумму денег, согласие владельца, различие, половое сношение, быть приговоренным к тюремному заключению, без ее согласия, штраф, запрещать,

172. Ех.6 Find the English equivalents in the text:

173. силой или обманом, уговорить жертву, уголовный кодекс, против своей воли, во многих процессах, связанных с изнасилованием, концепция, случайное) непреднамеренное) убийство, преднамеренное убийство, хотя, смерть наступила в результате случайных обстоятельств, противоречивый, такие же проблемы возникли и в США, заранее обдуманное намерение, тяжесть, подозрение, поджог.

174. Ex.7. Find the corresponding Russian equivalents for the following:

175. felony and misdemeanour, permissible in felony, thus, to provide a punishment, any minor offense, provide fines, punishable with death, various purposes, legal systems, to prohibit, crime is harmful or dangerous, the intentional commission of an act, in violation of a law, general conside-

176. rations, socially harmful, an offense against morality, according to, the charge, differences in the procedure, include the power of the police to arrest on suspicion, graver crimes, to result in forfeiture, perpetrator's land, to connect with the procedure, under the criminal law, to omit in violence of a law, statue provides, restrictions on parole, to distinguish, similar problems, injury.

177. EXERCISES FOR ORAL PRACTICE

178. When guilt is established, rape in most systems of criminal law is treated as a grave crime, 95 percent of those convicted of rape in England, for instance, are sentenced to imprisonment.

179. Thus, what is rape? Most jurisdictions treat it as the crime of having sexual intercourse with a woman or girl forcibly and without her consent.

181. Invention Exercises

182. Ex.8. Use the following words and phrases in sentences:

183. deliberate killing, burglary, trepasser, statue provides a punishment, it was permissible, the power of the police to arrest on suspicion, a suspect on suspicion, to commit a crime, punishable with death, most legal system, the common law provides, there are many differences, to result in forfeiture, perpetrator's land, kind of offense, various purposes, the procedure of courts-determining, may deal with, any minor offense, a major crime.

184. Ex.9. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:

185. 1. fraud

186. 2. deliberate killing

187. 3. accidental

188. 4. by the traditional name

189. 5. harsh results

190. 6. willful killing

191. 7. criminal intent

192. 8. TO commit a felony

193. 9. to persuade a victim

194. 1. преднамеренное убийство

195. 2. обман, мошенничество

196. 3. тяжкое преступление

197. 4. неприятные результаты

198. 5. преднамеренное убийство (найдите синонимическое выражение)

199. 6. случайный

200. 7. ограничения, связанные с условно-досрочным освобождением

201. 8. пожизненное тюремное заключение

202. 9. изнасиловать

203. 132

204. 133

205. 10. grave crime 10.

206. 11. to commit rape 11,

207. 12. restriction on parole 12,

208. 13. life sentence 13.

209. 14. by fraud 14,

210. 15. malice aforethought 15

211. 16. to provide death 16 penalty

212. 17. the commission of theft 17

213. 18. circumstances of 18 violance

214. 19. consent of the owner 19

215. обстоятельства совершенного насилия

216. уговорить жертву преступное намерение

217. совершить тяжкое преступление

218. предусмотреть смертный

219. приговор

220. путем обмана

221. заранее обдуманный злой умысел согласие владельца . совершение кражи

222. . традиционно называют

223. Ex.10. Complete the following sentences using one of the words or phrases given below:

224. 1. As it is known felony is ...

225. 2. Statue provides a serious punishment for ....

226. 3. Murder, arson, rape are serious ...

227. 4. One can see some differences between ...

228. 5. Felonies and misdemeanours are two categories which are divided by the ...

229. 6. Felonies are grave crimes which are ... by death.

230. 7. The ... provides fines or imprisonment for misdemeanours.

231. 8. The police ... that man on suspicion that he had ...

232. 9. There are many differences in the ... according to whether the charge is felony or misdemeanour.

233. 10. Crime is the... of an act committed in violation of a law.

234. (intentional commission, procedure of courts, arrested, a major crime, murder, common law, punishable, crimes, law, felony, committed an offense, felony and misdemeanour, to divide).

235. Ex.11. Put general and special questions to the following sentences:

236. 1. Larceny is the most common crime involving a criminal intent.

237. 2. Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of

238. violence.

239. 3. Robbery takes many forms.

240. 4. Burglary consists of breaking into a dwelling by night with intent to commit a felony.

241. 5. The traditional definition of theft specifies the physical removal of an object that is capable of being stolen without

242. the consent of the owner.

244. Enlarge your vocabulary Ex.12. Render into English:

245. 1. Фактически большинство стран рассматривают убий-

246. ство как наиболее тяжкое преступление.

247. 2. Грабеж характеризуется различными формами.

248. 3. Фелония-это тяжкое преступление, которое может на-

249. казываться смертным приговором.

250. 4. Наименее опасные преступления обычно наказываются штрафом или тюремным заключением.

251. 5. Преступление — это преднамеренный акт, совершенный в нарушение закона.

252. 6. Он был арестован по подозрению в изнасиловании.

253. 7. Убийства, изнасилования, поджог являются серьезными преступлениями.

254. 8. Общее право за незначительные преступления иногда

255. предусматривает штраф.

256. 9. Закон предусматривает смертную казнь за преднамеренное убийство.

257. 10. Любое незначительное преступление — наказуемо.

258. Ех.13. Can you guess the meaning of the words that are italicised? Robbery takes many forms, one of them is the mugging of a stranger in the street. Any entry by an individual into building as a trepasser with intent to commit theft is a grave crime. Thus felony is a major crime. Statue provides a greater punishment for murder, arson and rape than for a misdemeanour. All systems treat murder as a crime of the utmost gravity. Many of the problems of defining murder have centered on the malice aforethought.

260. 134

261. 135

262. robbery or rape). This rule, the felony murder rule, was adopted in many other jurisdictions, although it has often produced harsh results when death has been caused accidentally in the course of what was intended to be a minor crime. The rule was abolished in England in 1957, but since then English law has been in a state of confusion over the precise definition of murders. It is now settled that an intention to cause serious bodily injury is sufficient, but the precise interpretation of intention in this context remains controversial. Similar problems have arisen in many U.S. jurisdictions, some of which distinguish between different degrees of murder — first-degree murder may require proof of premediatian over and above the normal requirement of intention.

263. Virtually all systems treat murder as a crime of the utmost gravity, providing in some cases the death penalty or special form of sentence, such as a mandatory life sentence, often with restrictions on parale.

264. CLASSWORK

265. Section 3: Text work

266. Text 3.Theft and Burglary

267. Ex.3. Read and translate these texts. Try to discuss them.

268. Theft. It sometimes known by the traditional name of larceny, is probably the most common crime involving a criminal intent. The crime of grand larceny in some U.S. jurisdictions consists of stealing more than a special sum of money or property worth more than a specified amount.

269. The traditional definition of theft specified the physical removal of an object that was capable of being stolen, without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it permanently.

270. The distinction that the common law made between theft(taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent, as a result of deception) has been preserved in many modern states.

271. Burglary consisted originally of breaking into a dwelling by night with intent to commit a felony, but as in case of

272. 128

273. many other crimes the definition has been expanded in many legal systems. In English law, any entry by an individual into a building as a trepasser with intent to commit theft or certain other offenses is burglary, and some jurisdictions recognize an offense of burglary of an automobile-breaking into it to steal the contents.

274. Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence. It involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft or to secure escape.

275. Robbery takes many forms — from the mugging of a stranger in the street in the hope of stealing whatever he may happen to have in his possession, to much more sophisticated robberies of banks or similar premises, involving numerous participants and careful planning. So robbery is the felonious taking of another's property from his person or in his immediate presence, by violence or intimidation.

276. Rape. The traditional legal definition of rape is the performance of sexual intercourse by a man other than her husband with a woman against her will, by force or fraud. Most jurisdictions do not treat as rape an act of sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife without her consent, unless the marriage has effectively been terminated by a legally.recognized separation. Although many rapes involve the application or threat of violence, it is possible to commit rape by fraud — either by persuading the victim that what is to take place is not sexual intercourse (by representing it as medical treatment, for instance) or by impersonating some other person, such as the victim's husband. Under the provisions of most criminal codes, rape requires penetration of the female organ by the male organ (but does not require ejaculation), other forms of sexual abuse (such as oral penetration or anal penetration) are dealt with, if at all, under different provisions.

277. In many rape trials the issue is whether the victim consented to the sexual intercourse, and this may lead to distressing crossexamination, in some cases about the woman's previous sexual behaviour, whether with accused or with other persons.

278. 9 244

279. 129