- •Chapter 1 generalities of stylistics
- •Chapter 2 functional styles
- •Chapter 3 stylistic lexicology
- •Chapter 4 morphological stylistics
- •Chapter 5 phonetic and graphic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •Chapter 6. Stylistic onomasiology. Lexico-semantic stylistic devices
- •Figures Of Substitution
- •Hyperbole
- •Meiosis
- •Litotes
- •Metonymy
- •Synecdoche
- •Periphrasis
- •Euphemism
- •It is a word or word-combination which is used to replace an unpleasantly sounding word or word-combination.
- •Metaphor
- •Epithet
- •Antonomasia
- •Personification
- •Allegory
- •Chapter 7 stylistic semasiology
- •F igures Of Combination simile
- •Synonyms
- •Oxymoron
- •Paradox
- •Antithesis
- •Climax (gradation)
- •Anticlimax
- •It consists in arranging the utterance so that each subsequent component of it decreases significance, importance or emotional tension of narration:
- •Chapter 8 stylistic syntax syntactic stylistic devices
- •Ellipsis
- •Nominative (nominal) sentences
- •Aposiopesis (break-in-the-narrative)
- •Asyndeton
- •It is deliberate omission of structurally significant conjunctions and connectives:
- •Parceling
- •Repetition
- •Enumeration
- •It is a syntactic device of naming objects so that there appears a chain of homogeneous parts of the sentence:
- •Tautology
- •Polysyndeton
- •Parallel constructions
- •Inversion
- •Inversion is the syntactic phenomenon of intentional changing word-order of the initial sentence model.
- •Detachment
- •Rhetoric questions and other cases of syntactic transposition
- •1. Exclamatory sentences with inversion:
Euphemism
It is a word or word-combination which is used to replace an unpleasantly sounding word or word-combination.
Assigned features. Euphemism might be viewed as periphrasis: they have the same mechanism of formation. Strictly speaking, euphemisms are not stylistic devices but expressive means of language: most of them are registered in dictionaries.
Classification. Euphemisms may be classified according to the spheres of their application and grouped the following way:
1. Religious euphemisms: devil = the dickens, the deuce, old Nick; God = Lord, Almighty, Heaven, goodness. Чорт = лукавий, нечистий, нечиста сила, нечистий дух, злий дух, лихий дух, дух тьми (пітьми), дух темноти, дух мли, лихий, чорний, чорна сила; той, що не проти ночі згадувати; Бог = Всевишній, всесильний, творець.
2. Moral euphemisms: to die = to be gone, to expire, to be no more, Jo depart, to decease, to go west, to join the majority, to pass away; dead = deceased, departed, late; a whore = a woman of a certain type; an obscenity = a four-letter word. Померти =. упокоїтися, спочити, відійти (у кращий/потойбічний світ), преставитися, скінчитися, піти до праотців; мертвий = покійний, неживий, бездиханний; брехати = говорити неправду, вигадувати, видумувати, фантазувати, заговорюватися; красти = забирати лишки; брати те, що погано лежить; старий = людина похилого віку; проститутки = працівники сфери сексуального обслуговування; горілка = гірка, зілля, зелений змій, грішна вода, скляний бог, веселуха, живиця, сорокаградусна.
Medical euphemisms: lunatic asylum = mental hospital, madhouse; idiots = mentally abnormal, low, medium and high-grade mental defectives; cripple = invalid; insane = person of unsound mind. Божевільня/психіатрична лікарня = будинок для душевно хворих, жовтий дім; дурень = розумово відсталий, не сповна розуму, не всі вдома, клепки не вистачає; тяжко хворіти = дихати на ладан.
Political euphemisms: starvation = undernourishment; revolt, revolution = tension; poor people = less fortunate elements; absence of wages and salaries = delay in payment; profit = savings. Страйк = демонстрація протесту; жебрак = прохач; вигнати = вказати на двері, попросити, спровадити, вирядити; безплатно = за спасибі; бідність = нестаток, скрута.
Communicative function. Euphemisms make speech more polite, cultured, delicate, acceptable in a certain situation.
Note. Euphemisms have their antipodes which might be called disphemisms.
Disphemisms are conspicuously rough, rude and impolite words and word-combinations. The speaker resorts to disphemisms to express his negative emotions, such as irritation, spite, hate, scorn, mockery, animosity. Here are some of them:
to die = to kick the bucket;
to urinate = to piss;
a German soldier (W. W. II) = krauthead;
a Negro = kinky-head;
to treat someone badly, unfairly = to give someone the finger;
обличчя = морда, рило, пика, будка;
померти = одубіти, дуба врізати, здохнути; грубіян = хамло.