КАФЕДРА ТЕОРІЇ І ПРАКТИКИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ГЕРМАНСЬКИХ І РОМАНСЬКИХ МОВ

НАВЧАЛЬНО – МЕТОДИЧНИЙ КОМПЛЕКС

з дисципліни “Вступ до перекладознавства”

( для студентів спеціальності “Переклад” II курсу денної та заочної форми навчання )

Рекомендовано

на засіданні кафедри ТіППГіРМ

Протокол №11 від 02. 02. 2010

Затверджено

на засіданні методради ДонДТУ

Протокол № від

Алчевськ

ДонДТУ

2010

УДК 811. 111’253

Навчально-методичний комплекс з дисципліни “Вступ до перекладознавства” ( для студ. cпец. “Переклад” II курсу денної та заочної форм. навч.) Укл. Т.Г. Бесєдіна. – Алчевськ: ДонДТУ. 2010. - 95с.

До складу видання увійшли тези лекцій, завдання до практичних занять, довідниковий матеріал, тести, питання до заліку, список літератури.

Комплекс спрямований на розвиток знань та навичок аналізувати та перекладати англійські тексти. Комплекс рекомендований до практичних занять в аудиторії під керівництвом викладача, а також для самостійної роботи студентів.

Укладач Т.Г.Бесєдіна, доц.

Відповідальний за випуск: М.М. Барков. доц

Відповідальний редактор: Т.В. Баркова, ст..викл

Contents

Передмова

1. Lectures

LECTURE 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION

LECTURE 2 TYPES OF CORRELATION BETWEEN WORDS IN

SOURCE LANGUAGE AND TARGET LANGUAGE

LECTURE 3 TRANSLATION OF WORDS HAVING NO

CORRESPONDENCE IN TL

LECTURE 4 TRANSLATION OF PHRASES

LECTURE 5 LEXICAL TRAVSFORMATIONS

LECTURE 6 GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

LECTURE 7 TRANSLATION OF SPECIFICALLY ENGLISH

GRAMMATICAL FORMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

LECTURE 8 TRANSLATION OF NOTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH

2. Practical assignments

3. Tests

4. Credit Test Questions

5. Literature

Передмова

Основним призначенням навчально-методичного комплексу є формування у студентів вмінь та навичок перекладу англійських текстів, використовуючи різні лексичні та граматичні трансформації. Щоб мати ці вміння та навички, треба розуміти такі питання перекладу як: лінгвістичні та екстралінгвістичні проблеми перекладу, граматичні та лексичні особливості англійської мови, типи взаємовідношень між словами мови оригіналу та мови перекладу.

Проблема перекладу лексичних одиниць, які не мають відповідних еквівалентів у мові перекладу, розглянуто досконально, тому, що це є одна з важливих проблем перекладу. Також надані пояснення з таких питань перекладу як: переклад складних фраз та стійких словосполучень. Видам лексичних та граматичних трансформацій надана увага у лекціях 5 та 6. Засоби перекладу особливих граматичних форм і конструкцій, які є лише у англійській мови, надані у лекціях 7 та 8.

Знання та розуміння цих проблем допоможуть студентам знаходити взаємозв’язок слів у реченнях, глибше зрозуміти причини використання тих чи інших засобів перекладу, адекватно перекладати англійські тексти, грамотно використовуючи різні засоби перекладу.

Практична частина комплексу допомагає сформувати та удосконалити практичні навички роботи з різними видами текстів. Тестові завдання та питання до іспиту концентрують увагу студентів до основних та більш значимих проблем вивчаючої дисципліни.

Навчально-методичний комплекс носить навчальний та інформаційний характер і рекомендований, як для аудиторних занять, так і для самостійних роботи студентів.

Lectures

LECTURE 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION

Plan

1. Basic terms and notions which are frequently used in the theory and

practice of translation.

2. Reasons for the lack of coincidence between the means of expressing

the same content in SL and TL.

3. Linguistic aspect of translation

4. Extra-linguistic aspect of translation

5. Peculiarities of English

Introduction to the Theory of Translation deals with general principles of translation, translation of lexical units, grammatical aspects of translation.

Basic terms and notions which are frequently used in the theory and practice of translation:

text — any given stretch of speech or writing produced in a given language and assumed to make a coherent whole (a minimal text may consists of a single word, for example, "Stop!" preceded and followed by a period of silence; a maximal text may run into volumes);

source language (SL) — the language in which the text requiring translation is couched; (to express)

target language (TL) — the language into which the original text is to be translated;

source text (ST) — the text requiring translation;

target text (TT) — the text which is a translation of the source text.

Translation as a process and the result of turning a text from one language into another, which means expressing the same by the signs of a different language. Bearing in mind that every sign has two planes (plane of expression and plane of content) the essence of translation could be described as changing the elements of the plane of expression while the plane of content remains constant. There are three meanings for the word translation. It can refer to: 1) translating: the process of translating; 2) a translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text); 3) translation: the abstract concept which combines both the process and the product of that process.

One of the main difficulties of translating lies in the fact that the meaning of the whole text is not exhausted by the sum of meanings of its elements. The meaning of a text is made up by words, syntactic meaning of sentences, lexico-semantic connections between words and phrases.

Every language is characterized by a specific structure of its lexico-grammatical fields and has its own lexical, morphological and syntactic systems. It may result in lack of coincidence between the means of expressing the same content in SL and TL.

That is why good practical knowledge of the two languages is quite necessary but not sufficient for translating. Besides this knowledge one must possess a number of skills and be guided by a number of principles worked out by the theory of translation. These principles are connected both with linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects.

While translating one must keep in view typological characteristics of both the languages and remember that the same idea may be expressed lexically in one of them and grammatically in the other. To illustrate this let us compare the ways of expressing priority in English and Ukrainian.

The actor, Gilbert Caston, who had been “out” for six monthes, emerged from his east-coast lodging about noon in the day ,after his opening of “Shooting the Rapids” on tour, in which he was playing Dr. Dominick in the last act. (J.Galswothy)

It is clear from the sentence that the period of Caster’s being “out” was prior to the moment when he “emerged from his … lodging, this priority is expressed in the Past perfect form “had been”. Now that he was playing Dr Dominick he was no longer “out”. In Ukrainian, however, it is impossible to render this idea using grammatical means only. The phrase “ він не мав роботи” does not contain any indications to priority of this state. Hence the necessity of introducing additional lexical units conveying the meaning of the English grammatical form:

Актер Гілберт Кєйсєр, який до цього шість місяців не мав роботи, ..

Concrete ways and means of overcoming such difficulties depend on the structural peculiarities of SL and TL, therefore when translating one must employ one’s theoretical knowledge of phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic systems of the two languages.

Besides purely linguistic difficulties, translation involves a great number of problems caused by numerous extra linguistic factors. The content of any text is based upon extra linguistic reality, the text itself reflects the cultural background of the author and of the whole people speaking the language, it also reflects the history of the people ,their habits and traditions, a peculiar national way of thinking, etc. All these things should necessarily be taken into consideration in order to translate the text adequately. One must know much more than lexical meaning of the words to translate the following:

“What will you have?” he asked me. I looked at him doubtfully. Prohibition was in force and to all appearance the ship was bone-dry. ( S. Maugham)

First of all it is necessary to know that the formula “What will you have?” has a conventional meaning of an invitation to choose some liquor. Besides one should know what “Prohibition” is meant here (the eighteenth amendment to the US Constitution) not to translate it as “ запрет”. Only in this case there may appear a correct version:

“ Что Вы будете пить?”, спросил он. Я посмотрел на него с недоверием: сухой закон был в силе, и на корабле, судя по всему, не было ни капли спиртного.

It is also essential to remember that nations speaking different languages have different experience, and things naturally known to one nation are quite unknown to another. To see it one may try to translate into English the title of the film “Петровка,38”, making it as informative for the Englishmen as it is for us because we know perfectly well what office is situated there.

One of the main demands upon a person translating any text is that he should be well acquainted with it subject matter. It certainly requires some knowledge of physics to decide if the word “power” in a particular context means “сила” or “ мощность”, which is not the same thing.

If all these principles are taken into consideration there will be no danger of so called “literal” translation, which means a word-for-word translation. This type of translation with all its seeming accuracy ignores both linguistic and extra linguistic factors discussed above. It leads to preserving the meanings of separate words and at the same time it distorts the meaning of the whole text (sentence), thus often creates an undesirable comic effects. The reader is sure to be surprised at such a sentence:

… в гостиной стояли 11 кресел, диван, 3 столика, 2 этажерки , … и часть большого рояля

The phrase “ part of a large grand piano ” does not mean that the grand piano was divided into parts, just as the Russian expression “ четверть скрипки” , denoting a special little violin for children, does not mean that the violin is broken into four parts. So the phrase should be translated as “небольшой рояль” , which differs from “ part of a large grand piano ” in structure, but conveys the same meaning. These are the main principles one should follow in process of translating.

Peculiarities of English

English is an analytical language. It means that the connection of words in a sentence is performed by means of prepositions (1) ( not by means of case endings as it is performed in Russian or Ukrainian languages), by means of word order in the sentence (2). The tense grammatical forms of English are also analytical, in most cases they involve several auxiliary verbs and they are not formed with the help of endings, except Past Simple Active (regular verbs). As for the word order in English it is the following one:

“0”position 1-st p. 2-nd p. 3-d p. 4-th

Adverbial Subject Predicate Object Adverbial

Modifiers Modifiers

of time

І. Indication’s of nouns and verbs