Translation of words having no correspondence in tl

I. Translate the following words using transcription or transliteration

- Юрий, Евгений, Людмила, Светлана, Иван Грозный, Флорида, Москва, Санкт-Петербург, Вашингтон, «Новая газета», отель Хилтон, Дума.. - чеpнозем, соборность.

II. Translate the following composite words using loan-translations

Head of the government, Supreme Court, mixed laws, non-confidence vote, White House, Winter Palace, the Democratic Party, the Fruits of Enlightenment, Ivory Coast, Yury the Long Hands, back-bencher, income tax, decision-making, database development

III. Translate paying attention to elements having equivalents. By what means do you render them?

1. Then Henry suddenly asked if we’d like to stay to lunch.

2. I am now more than glad that I did not pass into the grammar school five years ago, although it was a disappointment at the time.

3. I got a pardon straight from the White House.

4. … the flight was delayed for half an hour. There was fog at Heathrow.

5. In there. That’s the Common Room.

6. Lord Augustus Highcastle .. is comfortably seated at a writing-table with his heels on it, reading The Morning Post.

7. Philbrick, evidently regarding himself as one of the guests ,was engaged in a heated discussion on greyhound racing with Sam Clutterbuck.

8. On August bank holyday in the late nineties they traveled fifty miles to compete in a town where prizes of solid cash were to be given.

9. Use three physicians’ skill: first Dr. Quiet, then Dr. Merriman, and Dr. Diet.

10. Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night;

God said, ‘Let Newton be!” and all was light

IV. Translate the text. Pay attention to terms and term combinations. Explain your means of translation them.

After my April visit I was so impressed by the Great Pyramid that I spent several weeks researching its history. I discovered that it had been built around 2250 BC for Kufu ( or Cheops), the second Pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, and that it was also the single largest edifice ever constructed by man. As I researched the subject further it became clear to me that the real purpose of the Great Pyramid was, in fact, a matter of considerable debate. On one side stood the most orthodox and prosaic scholars insisting that it was nothing more than a mausoleum. On the other side stood the pyramidologists – an apocalyptic tribe who pretended to find all manner of prophecies and sings in virtually every dimension of the immense structure. I then learned that a team of Japanese engineers had recently tried to build a 35-feet high replica of the Great Pyramid limiting itself strictly to the techniques of the Fourth Dynasty ( as proved by archeology), which construction turned out to be impossible under these limitations.

PRACTICAL ASSIGMENT 4

TRANSLATION OF PHRASES

І. Translate the following proposed attributive phrases

A morning lecture - a lecture hall

A tram stop - a city tram

A school laboratory - a laboratory equipment

A laboratory research - a research laboratory

The wheel traffic - the iron wheel

A speed road - a traffic speed

A tunnel bridge - the railway tunnel

ІІ. Translate the following attributive phrases with prepositive attributes

The speed – the traffic speed; the traffic speed increase; the traffic speed increase problem.

The bridge – the railway bridge; the railway bridge construction; the railway bridge construction problem.

The underground – the London underground; the London underground problem.

The generator – the electric generator; the electric generator development; the electric generator development problem;

The accumulation – the energy accumulation; the energy accumulation process, the energy accumulation process problem.

The house – the modern house; the modern house ventilation; the modern house ventilation facilities; the modern house ventilation facilities problem.

The car – the car speed; the car speed calculation; the car speed calculation device.

The arch – the arch bridge; the arch bridge construction; the arch bridge construction site.

The quality – the high quality; the high quality concrete; the high quality concrete problem.

The research – the research program; the research program result; the research program result problem.

The region – the Moscow region; the Moscow region newspaper; the Moscow region newspaper circulation.

The temperature - the temperature limit; the temperature limit determination; the temperature limit determination problem.

The steam – the steam engine; the steam engine invention; the steam engine invention problem.

The sea – the deep sea; the deep sea current; the deep sea current measuring device.

The sputnik – the five ton sputnik; the five ton sputnik spaceship.

The speed – the engine speed; the decreasing engine speed; the quickly decreasing engine speed.

The construction – the generator construction; the speed generato construction; the high speed generator construction.

The rate – the movement rate; the electrons movement rate; the free electrons movement rate.

3. Analyze the semantic structure of the given attribute phrases. Translate them.

1. Yet that stern-eyed woman had been so sure.

2. I’m a metallurgical chemist tuned turned civil engineer.

3. In other words they’re medical students, I suppose?

4. She gave me a look from her furtive eyes.

5. … the man who lived on the first floor usually had first grab at the books.

6. Annabel got her good start.

7. He stood at the end of a long room with his back to a rococo marble chimneypiece.

8. He was seated on a folding wooden chair at a small, messy-looking writing table, with a paper-back overseas novel open before him.

4. Define the nature of the following phraseological units. Translate them

   1. Preserving the imagery of the original [ ‘imidzəri]

1. I wash my hands of this job.

2. To kill the time before the train left, we went to a movie.

3. “Money, John,” said Mr.Pecksniff,” is the root of all evil”

4. One swallow does not make a spring.

5. .. to shed crocodile tears.

1. changing the imagery of the original partially

1. Old friends and old wine are best.

2. .. a wolf in a sheep clothing.

3. … as like as two pears

4. …dumb as oyster.

5. That’s past. No use looking back. It’s water over the dam.

1. changing the imagery of the original completely

1. “Listen,” she said, “you are making a mounting out of a molehill”

2. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.

3. Never cackle till your egg is laid.

4. like a cat on hot bricks.

5. early to bed and early to rise

6. to have all one’s egg in one basket

7. One fire drives out the other

1. leaving the imagery out of the translation

1. He had a sweet tooth that, because he was in fine shape, he could afford to

indulge. (любить сладкое)

2. She wanted to talk my head off about it, but I wouldn’t let her.

3. [“You don’t want it to come into Court?” “ No, though I suppose it might be rather fun” {Mr. Settlewhite smiled again] “That entirely depends on how many skeletons you have in your cupboard.”

4. Many happy returns of the day! 5. the three R’s 6. to have other fish to fry

PRACTICAL ASSIGMENT 5

LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

I. Translate the following employing concretization of some elements

1. Do you know, I’ve been in a boat before in my life.

2. Let this be a lesson to you.

3. Sally was extremely uncomfortable.

4. The baby, Carl, was the only reality of her life.

5. I’m going to Ireland.

6. She took a drag of coffee and then a deep drag of the cigarette.

7. I’m a photographer. I do celebrities and authors for book jackets, stuff like this.

8. Sighing, Ban took the phone.

9. I want to get married.

2. Translate the sentences employing generalization.

1. When they had gone, she was left with a well-remembered dread (страх) from her school and college years. Had she passed the finals?

2. He wants his dinner.

3. The boss was already sitting in the front by the driver’s seat when I got to the Cadillac.

4. Jack sat up and stretched out his legs.

5. Three long years had passed over my head since I had tasted ale, beer,wine,or liquor of any kind.

6. Close to the window … James, like the bulky Swithin, over six feet in height, but lean, - brooded over the scene with his permanent stoop.

7. “What will you have now - chees?” “Thank you, sir; I’ve had too much already , but I won’t say ‘No’’ “ Two Stiltons”, said Michael.

3. Translate the sentences employing semantic development.

1. “Does it make any difference?’ “It always makes a difference”.

2. “Daddy and I are going out to dinner. It’s Uncle Oliver’s birthday”. “ You is always going out”. “No, honey. We haven’t been out all week.”

3. Oh, dear. I can see that things are going to be very difficult.

4. Has Tina told you anything? – Not directly, in so many words.

5. That’s your opinion , not mine

6. Between the towns the roads were comparatively empty, he was making ample time.

7. Want makes you think so?

8. His luck was with him.

9. Clide made no comments.

10. The telephone rang. “Answer it. I’m not home.”

3. Employ antonymous translation.

1. I don’t suppose you are in a hurry to get back.

2. I can’t forget the smallest detail of that room.

3. You have to remember that was in forties.

4. It was not a pretty story, was it? – No, not pretty.

5. He wished Beth (his wife) were there …

6. I don’t think he knew what he was saying.

7. There is nothing wrong with your eyes.Off you go.

8. I wish the doctor hadn’t gone.

9. It was not long before I heard the pacing start.

10. Paul had very little difficult in finding the dining hall.

3. Compensate for some elements in translation

1. ..Mr.Gast made a little joke about soles and souls.

2. What else had you to learn? – Well, there was … Mystery, ancient and modern, with Seaography…

3. “… different branches of Arithmetic – Ambition, Distraction, Uglification, and Derision” “I never heard of ‘Uglification,’ Alice ventured to say. “What is it?” The Griphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. “Never heard of uglifying!” he exclaimed. “ You know what to beautify is, I suppose. Don’t you?’ “yes” said Alice, doubtfully: “ it means – to make anything- prettier”. “Well then, “ the Gryphon went on, “ if don’t know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton”.

PRACTICAL ASSIGMENT 6

GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

1. Translate, employing transposition of whatever elements it is necessary or desirable.

1. Dawn was already rising at the window.

2. A great storm was predicted for tomorrow.

3. There was sweat on his forehead, and his knees buckled.

4. I should have phoned ahead.

5. I’ve been using the perfume for the last two years at least.

6. There were few wedding presents.

7. The poet’s lips moved as he read … .

8. The environment was comparatively new to him, he had never acted in films.

9. My grandmother said, after she had sighed, “It’s time you had your eyes tested.”

2. Translate the following sentences using the transformation of replacement at the level of :

1. parts of speech

1. Dr.Fagan gave a long sigh.

2. Mr. Simmonds saw me out at the front door and gave me a pleading unhappy look.

3. David forced a smile.

4. He became a quarreler, but not with her.

5. Talking cheerfully, the party crossed the hall and went down steps.

6. You are a sentimentalist.

7. She is are fast learner.

2. parts of the sentence:

1. I even wrote letters to him, asking for help for her… .But they didn’t get any answer.

2. She was pleased with the apartment.

3. So you and I have something in common.

4. The August day was miserable humid; one felt it even in the air-conditioned room.

5. I love your dress.

6. He had nothing to say.

7. But tomorrow was hours away.

8. “Was it a break-in, a robbery?” “ I don’t think so. Nothing was taken.”

9. But that’s opnly to be expected.

3. syntactic type of the sentence:

1. He saw them look at him.

2. Then came the charge of poisoning my uncle to get his property.

3. I remember her saying something about that a while ago.

4. For a minute or two , she watched his car go down the driveway and pass out of sight.

5. I want to see you happy.

6. You claim to be a religious man.

7. I heard her fumbling steps going into the back part of the house.

8. It was the sound of something being pushed into the front door mail slot.

3. Translate the sentences making all necessary additions.

1. Clive was hardly a man to pay much attention to women’s jewelry…

2. The neighbors are very friendly.

3. Then the loneliness overwhelmed her…

4. “I don’t want to hear about your affairs, you must manage them yourself.” “Very well,”

said Soames immovably, “I will.”

5. “Well, if you are all ready,” said Irene, looking from one to the other with a strange

smile, “dinner is too.”

6. She looked up at “the Goya” hanging opposite.

7. Dinner began in silence, the women facing one another, and the men.

8. Jane .. sat silent, with her face to the breeze.

4. What elements in the offered sentences want omission in translation? Translate the sentences.

1. What difference does it make?

2. How can you even think of such things?

3. It was a dreadful thing that she had just said.

4. “So don’t be too upset” “I’ll try not to be…”

5. Wait, let me tie my shoes, will you?

6. “Do you really and truly think so?’

7. “Oh, one other thing. Not a word to the boys,please, about the reason for your leaving Oxford”

8. “Hello, you two!” he said.

5. Translate sentences containing verbs in the Passive Voice. Explain the choice of a variant.

1. The lawn was protected from the North by a high wall.

2. I was sent to have my eyes tested.

3. I was sent for to try on my new reading glasses.

4. Paul was awakened next morning by a loud bang on his door.

5. He knocked at the gate, was admitted, put away his bicycle, and diffidently, as always, made his way towards his room.

6. The smoke was being fanned away from his face by his hand.

7. His clothes looked as if they had cost a great deal of money and had been slept in.

8. I said, “The bottle may have been tampered with, have you thought of that?”

PRACTICAL ASSIGMENT 7

TRANSLATION OF SPECIFICALLY ENGLISH GRAMMATICAL FORMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

I. Define the meaning of the underlined articles and translate them.

1. The officer is the one who gives the orders.

2. What wonderful news news: the painting on my wall is a Rembrandt!

3. I’d like a coffee, please.

4. It is easy to look back and paint a picture of how things went. At the time it was unclear.

5. Utility, economy, and apparent durability are the qualities to be sought for, I think.

6. During the fourteen years that I have been at Llanabba there have six sport days and two concerts…

II. Translate the following, paying attention to causative verbs

1. His wife … had been compelled … , owing to the ailing state of their child, to go up to the mountains to her mother.

2. The country air tempted us to get up early.

3. … she continued the story how she was led to give up general practice and take up psychology. (M.S.)

4. “We got to find the others. We got to do something” (W.G.)

5. If you could try and get her to talk. (J.F.)

6. Why don’t you get him to see you in town sometime? (R.P.W)

7. It’s all up with his candidature. [‘kǽdidətςə] He’ll be laughed out of the town.

8. [Under such circumstances many other women besides Mrs.Dungeon find themselves sitting up all the night waiting for news.] Like her, too, they fall asleep towards morning at risk of nodding themselves into the kitchen fire. (B.Sh.)

III. Translate the following emphatic sentences. What means of emphasis were used by the authors? How is adequacy of translation achieved?

1. Not for five minutes could they drag themselves away from this triumph.

2. It should have been stuff called eserine. That’s what she usually had, the doctor says.

3. Well, that’s what we all think about him, anyway.

4. I think it was then she recognized me.

5. “But I expect I’m boring you?” “ No, do go on.”

6. “And now I am going to play the organ”, said Beste-Chetwynde. “After all, my mother does pay five guineas a term for me to learn.”

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT 8

TRANSLATION OF NOTIONAL PARTS OF SPEECH

I. Translate, paying attention to the gerund. Explain your choice of a variant.

1. By money, Mary means new curtains and sure education for the kids and holding her head a little higher and … being proud rather than a little ashamed of me.

2. You are too fond of leaving the door open when you go out.

3. He stopped reading and put my paper dowm.

4. She said gently, “Stop pretending. You are very tired.”

5. He thought of smoking a pipe and reading another chapter of the Forsyte Saga before going to bed.

6. “ I wonder whether I’m going to enjoy being a schoolmaster,” thought Paul.

7. But, there, thinking is no good to anyone – is it, madam? Thinking won’t help.

8. That morning just before luncheon the weather began to show signs of clearing, and by half-past one the sun was shining.

II. Compare the ways of translation the infinitive when its functions are:

1. subject, b) a part of predicate, c) adverbial clause.

1. To drive a car in a big city isn’t easy.

2. To drive a car you must know traffic rules.

3. He is to drive a car.

4. To design the machine is not a simple task.

5. To design the machine you must know the design principles.

6. They are to design the machine.

ІІI. Translate the sentences in which Infinite is used as:

a) attribute b) a part of modal subject.

1. The method to be used is new. This method is to be used.

2. The text to be translated deals with mechanical principles.

You are to be translate this document..

3. The house to be built has a new design. It is to be built next

month.

4. The distance to be calculated is long. The distance is to be

calculated.

ІV. The infinitive “to answer” is used in different functions. Translate them.

1. To answer the question you should know the subject.

2. I want to be answered at once.

3. The question to be answered is not simple.

4. The task is to answer fast.

5. You are to answer the questions.

6. The question to be answered was not difficult.

V. Translate. What means do you employ to render the meaning of the Past Perfect tense and the Perfect Infinitive.

1. “Croissant?” he asked. “No, thank you”, she said. “I have eaten.”

2. I had just filled and lit a pipe when the telephone rang again.

3. He was smaller then he had been two years ago.

4. I had nothing more to say. Indeed, I had said too much.

5. Ralph had stopped smiling and was pointing into the lagoon.

6. It must have been forgotten that I was arriving that afternoon.

7. Could I have dropped my wallet in the Pavillon?

8. Presently – it may have been within a few days or weeks – my reading glasses arrived and I wore them whenever I remembered to do so.

VI. Single out absolute constructions, analyze their structure. Translate the sentences.

1. The May day was a late reminder of March, the sun having abruptly gone in behind gray-white clouds that, colored and curled like a sheep’s back, lay low in the sky.

2. At last Ralph ceased to blow and sat there, the conch trailing from one hand, his head bowed on his knees.

3. The prowl boys .. walk in, the front door not being locked.

4. He was a boy of perhaps six years, sturdy and fair, his clothes torn, his face covered with a sticky mess of fruit.

5. The boys stood ranged along the paneled walls each holding in his hands a little pile of books.

6. Bryce-Green was sitting, with cigar held out and mouth a little open…

7. Francesca had them photographed with a low table sat with a lace-edged tray of afternoon tea and the sun streaming in the window.

8. I went. I worked around the edge of the grandstand, through the crowd, with Willie’s vice hammering on the eardrums and shaking dead leaves off the oak trees.

9. Close to the road a cow would stand knee-deep in the mist, with horns damp enough to have a pearly shine in the starlight…

2. Tests

Test 1 (L1 2 3 )

I. Theory

1. Source text (ST) is a text which

a. is written in English b. requires translation c. is written in Ukrainian

2. Target text (TT) is a text which

a. is a translation of the source text. b. is written in English

c. is written in Ukrainian

3.Source language (SL) is the language

a. into which the original text is to be translated;

b. in which the text requiring translation is couched

c. of communication

4. Target language (TL) is the language

a. of communication

b. in which the text requiring translation is couched

c. into which the original text is to be translated;

5. Difficulties of translating deal with

a. linguistic phenomena

b. extra linguistic phenomena

c. good practical knowledge of the two languages

6. The lack of coincidence between the means of expressing the same content in SL and TL deals with the fact that

1. dictionaries are not good

2. the skills of a translator are not good

3. every language has its own lexical, morphological and syntactic systems

7. Linguistic aspect of translation deals with

a. the problems of SL grammar

b. lexical problems of SL

c. the history of the SL people ,their habits and traditions, their peculiar national way of thinking

8. . Extra linguistic aspect of translation deals with

a. the problems of SL grammar

b. lexical problems of SL

c. the history of the SL people ,their habits and traditions, their peculiar national way of thinking

9. Equivalents are words that

1. are identical in their meaning in SL and TL

2. coincide partially in their meanings

3. have no correspondences in SL and TL

10. Partially coincided words are words

1. which are identical in their meaning in SL and TL

2. the meaning of which coincides partially

3. which have no correspondences in SL and TL

11.In order to translate the words of SL which are characterized by partial correspondence a translator should first

1. look up the meanings of the word in a dictionary

b. state which particular meaning of the word is realized in the utterance

c. read the text

12. A narrow linguistic context is …. .

a. the context of the whole text

b. the context of a phrase

c. the context of a sentence

13. A wide linguistic context is ….. .

a. the context of the whole text

b. the context of a phrase

c. the context of a sentence

14. Proper names are usually translated by means of

a. transcription b. transliteration

c. translation and transcription d. translation and transliteration

15. The words having no correspondence in TL can be translated by means of

a. transcription and transliteration b. transcription and explanations

c. analogical or descriptive translation d. loan translation

16. In case of composite words …… can be coined in the TL.

a. loan-translations b. transcription

c. transliteration d. explanations

17. Translation on the analogy is based on ... ….. of the SL word .

a. group of words b. approximate rendering

c. the context of a sentence d. descriptive translation

18. … ….. is the kind of translation when the meaning of one word in SL is rendered by a group of words in TL

a. footnotes and explanations b. approximate rendering

c. loan translation d. descriptive translation

Test 2 ( L7-theory)

1. The translation of English grammatical forms and constructions begin with ….

a. finding unknown words

b. their semantic and functional analysis

c. analyzing the meaning unknown words

d. looking up unknown words in the dictionary

2. If English articles have some additional meaning, one should begin their translation with …

a. finding unknown words

b. their semantic and functional analysis

c. analyzing the meaning of the articles

d. looking up unknown words in the dictionary

3. The functions of conjunctions are

a. to connect different clauses and parts of the sentence

b. to introducing clauses and parts of the sentence

c. to enter idiomatic constructions

d. to explain the meaning

4. If a conjunction is used in an idiomatic construction a translator should…

a. find out the meaning of each element

b. look up this idiomatic construction in the dictionary

c. translate each element

d. analyze each element

5. The general meaning of causative constructions is

a. to make somebody do something

b. to cause some action, effect, etc.

c. to analyze the meaning of unknown words

d. to enter idiomatic constructions

6. If there is a mistake in the sense and logic of the text, a translator should..

a. analyze the meaning of unknown words

b. to enter idiomatic constructions

c. to make somebody do something

d. stop and look for a mistake in the translation.

2. Credit Test Questions

1. Reasons for the lack of coincidence between the means of expressing

the same content in SL and TL.

2. Linguistic aspect of translation

3. Extra-linguistic aspect of translation

5. Peculiarities of English

6. Transliteration and transcription as means of translation

7. Footnotes and explanations as the means of translating the words having

no correspondence in TL

8. Loan translation

9. Analogical translation

10. Descriptive translation

11. The structure and ways of translating with prepositive attributes

12. The types and ways of translating set phrases

13. Ways of translating figurative phraseological units

14. The cause of using lexical transformations

15. Transformation by means differentiation and concretization

16. Transformation of generalization as lexical transformation

17. Semantic development. as lexical transformation

18. Antonymic translation as lexical transformation

19. Compensation as lexical transformation

20. The cause of grammatical transformations

21. Transposition as a means of grammatical transformations

22. Replacements as a means of grammatical transformations

23. Additions as a means of grammatical transformations

24. Omissions as a means of grammatical transformations

2. Literature

1. Долина И.Б. Системный анализ предложения ( на материале английского языка) учеб. Пособие. Высшая школа 1977.

2. В. С. Виноградов Введение в переводоведение (общие и лексические вопросы). — М.: Издательство института общего среднего образования РАО, 2001, — 224 с.

3. Казакова Т.А. Практические основы перевода. Серия: Изучаем иностранные языки.― СПб.: “Издательство Союз”, 2001.― 320 с.

4. Карабан, В.І.     Переклад англійської наукової і технічної літератури. Граматичні труднощі, лексичні, термінологічні та жанрово-стилістичні проблеми : посібник-довідник / В.І. Карабан . ─ Вінниця : Нова книга, 2002

5. Коваленко, А.Я.     Общий курс научно-технического перевода : пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский для студ. переводческих фак-тов и техн. вузов / ─ К. : Фирма "ИНКОС", 2004

6. Комиссаров, В.Н.     Теория перевода (лингвистические аспекты) : учебник / ─ М. : Высшая школа, 1990 .

7. Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу (аспектний переклад): Підручник.― Вінниця. “Нова Книга”, 2000

8. Левицкая, Т.Р.     Проблемы перевода : на материале современного английского языка / Т.Р. Левицкая, А.М. Фитерман . ─ М. : Международные отношения, 1976

9. Пумпянский А.Л. Введение в практику перевода научной и технической литературы на английский язык //- Наука. Москва- 1965

10. Скороходько, Э.Ф.     Вопросы перевода английской технической литературы : перевод терминов / К. : Изд-во Киев. ун-та, 1963 .

 11. В.К. Шпак та ін.  Основи перекладу: граматичні та лексичні аспекти : навч. посібник [для вищих навч. закладів] /;: Знання, 2007

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