Topical vocabulary

Accountable – подотчетный

Customary – обычный

inflict – наносит (удар)

Protect – защищать

Arbitration – арбитраж

Delinquency – преступность

Initiate – инициировать

Reveal – обнаруживать

(on) behalf – от имени

Emergency – Критическое положение

Instance – инстанция

Restrain – сдерживать

Charge – обвинение

Enforce – принуждать, проводить в жизнь

Interfere – Вмешиваться

Set up – устанавливать

Clear up – расследовать

Ensure – oбеспечивать, гарантировать

Jurisprudence – юриспруденция, правоведение

Supervise – наблюдать

Coercive – карательный

Entrust – поручать, вверять

Liberty – свобода

Trial – суд, судебное разбирательство

Competence – компетенция, правомочность

Exercise – осуществлять

Maintain – поддерживать

Tribunal – трибунал

Conduct – вести, проводить

Humiliate – Унижать

Observance – Соблюдение (закона)

Vest – Облекать (полномочиями)

Corps – корпус (воен.)

Indictment – Обвинительный акт

Prevent – предотвращать

Uniт 4. What is a law?

TEXT A. The Essence of Law.

A. The word "Law" is of Scandinavian borrowing. Actually it is very difficult to define it as people use this word in two meanings 1) as the set of rules or regulations made by authorities for controlling relations and people's behavior in the society and 2) as legally determined spheres of law science.

Laws as the signs of the community's civilization date back to the epoch of slave owning society, at the period of dividing a society into classes. They may be descriptive, which explain how people or even natural phenomena usually behave, and prescriptive which explain how people ought to behave.

Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power. But a society is creating its own rules in the status of laws maintaining public order, resoling disputes that arise between individuals and imposing responsibility.

B. Since the law does cover a wide variety of matters it is helpful to divide it into different categories. The first distinction is that between international and national (municipal) law; national law is classified into public and private law; finally these classification is sub-divided into a number of different categories.

International law is concerned with disputes between nations; much of this law comes from treaties, which have been agreed by the governments of the countries.

National law is the law, which applies within a country. Within national law there is usually a clear distinction between public and private law. Public Law involves the State or government in some way, while Private Law is concerned with disputes between private individuals or businesses.

Public law involves three main branches such as Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Criminal Law. As for Private Law usually called Civil Law it has many different branches: Contract Law, Tort Law, Company Law, Law of succession, Employment Law etc.

EXERCISES.

Ex. I. Прочитайте международные слова, определите их значение. Обратите внимание на ударения.

'Aspect classi'fy regu'lation 'primary 'dispute 'category

'Epoch 'sphere 'natural va'riety 'private indi'vidual

Ex. 2. Найдите соответствия английских и русских выражений.

A set of rules or regulations Налагать ответственность

То control relations and people's behavior Делить на категории

To date back Набор правил и регламентации

То maintain order Использовать в границах страны

To resolve disputes Брать начало, восходить к

То impose responsibility Контролировать отношения и поведение То apply within a country Поддерживать порядок

То divide into categories Разрешать споры

Ex. 3. Выберите правильное завершение предложения

1. The word "Law" is very difficult to define as people use it.....

a) in many meanings, b) in 2 meanings, c) in 4 meanings

2. A law is a set of rules made by authorities for.....

a) keeping people in the fear, b) developing legislation, c) controlling people's relations in the society

3. A law as a sign of the community's civilization dates back to.....

a) prehistoric times, b) the epoch of slave owning society, c) the Renaissance

4. The relations between people in a society are regulated by.....

a) prescriptive laws, b) descriptive laws, c) international laws

5. Within national law there is usually a clear distinction between......

a) criminal and civil law, b) tax and ecological law, c) public and private law.

Ex.4. Отметьте звездочкой (*) правильные утверждения

1. A law as a sign of the community's civilization dates back to the period of dividing a society into classes ( ). 2. The relations between people in a society are regulated by descriptive laws ( ). 3. It is helpful to divide laws into different categories as they cover a variety of matters in a society’s life (). 4. The general distinction is that between private and public law (.). 5. Much of international law comes from treaties, which have been agreed by the governments of the countries (.). 6. National law is the law, which applies outside a country (.). 7. Within national law there is usually a clear distinction between public and private law (.). 8. The Public law involves two main branches such as Constitutional Law, Administrative Law (.). 9. The Private Law is usually called Civil Law (.) 10. There are many ways of treating the meaning of the word "Law".

Ex.5. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Why is it difficult to define the meaning of the word "law"? 2. What types of Lews are there? 3. What laws is a society's life regulated by? 4. What are laws created by authorities for? 5. What are the main categories of laws according to outside and inside practice? 6. What is the ground of international law? 7. What categories is national law divided into? 8. How many branches of law does the Public Law contain? 9. Why is the number of the Civil Law branches so great? 10. What does the word ''law"" derive from?

Ex. 6. Дайте краткое изложение содержания текста

TEXT В. Public and Private (Civil) Law Categories