A) Public Law Categories

A) Constitutional Law

Constitutional Law controls the method of government and any disputes which arise over such matters as who is entitled to vote in an election, or who is allowed to become a Member of Parliament, or whether an election was carried out by the correct procedure.

B) Administrative Law

Administrative Law controls how Ministers of State or other public bodies such as local councils operate. An important part of this is the right to judicial review of certain decisions.

C) Criminal Law

Criminal Law sets out the types of behaviour which are forbidden at risk of punishment. A person committed a crime is said to have offended against the State, and so the State has the right to prosecute him (her). An offender may be imprisoned, fined, placed under supervision, or punished some other way.

B) Private (Civil) Law Categories.

Private (Civil) Law concerns disputes among the citizens within a country. The main categories of English Private (Civil) Law are the following:

1) contracts – binding agreements between people (or companies),

2) torts – wrongs committed by one individual against another individual's

person, property, or reputation,

3) probate – arrangements of dealing with property after the owner's death,

4) trusts – arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person's benefit, rather then his own.

Land Law, Family Law belongs to this group of categories too.

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Прочитайте международные слова, определите их значение. Обратите внимание на ударения.

'Public repu'tation regu'lation 'primary 'dispute 'category

'benefit pro'bate 'natural va'riety 'private indi'vidual

Ex. 2. Найдите соответствия английских и русских выражений.

A set of rules or regulations Налагать ответственность

То control relations and people's behavior Делить на категории

To maintain order Набор правил и регламентаций

То resolve disputes Использовать в границах страны

То impose responsibility Контролировать отношения и поведение То apply within a country Поддерживать порядок

То divide into categories Разрешать споры

Ex. 3. Выберите правильное завершение предложения

1. Constitutional Law controls.......

a) the method of government, b) the methods of punishment, c) the methods of disputes

2. Administrative Law controls.......

a) the operating of militia, b) the operating of Ministers of State, c) the operating of judicial system.

3. Criminal Law sets out.........

a) the principles of conduct in a society, b) the types of behaviour forbidden by the law, c) the system of militia bodies.

4. Civil Law concerns........

a) the relations between the citizens and a society, b) disputes among the citizens within a country, c) the relations between the President and the population.

5. The main categories of English Civil Law are......

a) matrimonial law and ecological law, b) contract law and tort law, c) criminal and labour law.

Ех.4. Отметьте звездочкой (*) правильные утверждения

1. Public Law categories are contract Jaw, matrimonial law, and ecological law ( ). 2. Criminal Law sets out the types of behaviour and forms of punishment ( ). 3. Constitutional Law controls the method of government ( ). 4. Civil Law concerns disputes between a person and a state ( ). 5. Torts are the wrongs committed by one individual against another individual's person, property, or reputation ( ).

Ex.5. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What branches of law does the Public Law embrace? 2. What is the main subject of Administrative Law? 3. What is the essence of Constitutional Law? 4. What does Criminal Law determine? 5. What disputes does Civil Law regulate? 6, Why are there too many branches of Civil Law? 7. What is a tort? 8. What laws regulate the economic process in a society? 9. What are the business agreements legally arranged by? 10. What categories of law does Family law belong to?

Ex. 6. Дайте краткое изложение содержания текста

TEXT С. Common and Continental Law: historical aspect.

Each country in the world has its own system of law. There are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law. The other tradition is known as Continental, or Roman law.

Common law, or case law system, differs from Continental Law as it has developed gradually throughout history. It is not the result of government attempts to codify every legal relation. Customs and courts rulings have been as important as statutes (government legislation). Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their interpretations may become precedents for other courts.

Before William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 no law was common to the whole kingdom. The Norman Kings sent traveling judges around the country and gradually a "common law" developed. Uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by the gradual development of the doctrine of precedent. The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law system.

Even when governments make new laws tr statutes, they are interpreted by the courts in order to fit particular cases, and these interpretations become new precedents.

Continental systems, codified legal system, have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes so that the state could govern every legal aspect of a citizen's life.

When the law makers were codifying their legal systems, they looked to the example of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, whose legislators wanted to break with previous case law. The lawmakers were also influenced by the model of the Canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, but the most important models were the codes produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian.