Module 3.
Rostov Region.
Texts for reading and comprehension
Azov
The mouth of the Don River has always been an important commercial center. At the start of the 3rd century B.C., the Greeks from the Kingdom of Bosporus founded a colony here, which they called Tanais (after the Greek name of the river). Several centuries later, in the last third of the 1st century B.C., the settlement was burnt down by king Polemon I of Pontus. The introduction of Greek colonists restored its prosperity, but the Goths practically annihilated it in the 3rd century. The site of ancient Tanais, now occupied by Nedvigovka village, has been excavated since the mid-19th century.
In the 10th century, the area passed under control of the Slavic princedom of Tmutarakan. The Kypchaks, seizing the area in 1067, renamed it Azaq (i.e., lowlands), from which appellation the modern name is derived. The Golden Horde claimed most of the coast in the 13th and 14th centuries, but the Venetian and Genoese merchants were granted permission to settle on the site of modern-day Azov and founded there a colony which they called Tana (or La Tana).
In 1471, the Ottoman Empire gained control of the area and built the strong fortress of Azak (Azov).
The fort blocked the Don Cossacks from raiding and trading into the Black Sea. The Cossacks had attacked Azov in 1574, 1593, 1620 and 1626. In April 1637 3,000 Don and 4,000 Zaporozhian Cossacks besieged Azov (the Turks had 4000 soldiers and 200 cannon). The fort fell on 21 June and the Cossacks sent a request to the Czar for re-enforcements and support. A commission recommended against this because of the danger of war with Turkey and poor state of the fortifications. In June 1641 Hussein Deli, Pasha of Silistria invested the fort with 70–80,000 men. In September they had to withdraw because of disease and provisioning shortfalls. A second Russian commission reported that the siege had left very little of the walls. In March 1642, Sultan Ibrahim issued an ultimatum and Czar Mikhail ordered the Cossacks to evacuate. The Turks reoccupied Azov in September 1642.
The town, however, had yet to pass through many vicissitudes. During the Azov campaigns of (1696), Peter the Great, who desired naval access to the Mediterranean Sea, managed to recover the fortress. Azov achieved town status in 1708, but the disastrous Pruth Campaign constrained him to hand it back to the Turks in 1711. A humorous description of the events is featured in Voltaire's Candide. During the Great Russo-Turkish War it was taken by the army under Count Rumyantsev and finally ceded to Russia under the terms of Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774). For seven years Azov was a capital of a separate government but, with the growth of neighboring Rostov-on-the-Don, gradually declined in importance. It was occupied by Germany between July 1942 – February 1943 during World War II.
Taganrog
The history of the city goes back to late Bronze Age - early Iron Age (between the 20th and 10th centuries BCE). It was the earliest Greek settlement in the Northern-Western Black Sea Region, and was mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus as Emporion Kremnoi.
The first Russian Navy base, Taganrog was officially founded by Peter the Great on September 12, 1698 and hosted the Azov Flotilla of Catherine the Great (1770–1783). This flotilla subsequently became the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
By the end of the 18th century, Taganrog lost its primacy as a military base after the Crimea and the Azov Sea was absorbed into the Russian Empire. In 1802, Alexander I established Taganrog Governorate, which existed until 1887. The governor was in direct contact with H.I.M. In 1825, the Alexander I Palace in Taganrog was used as the Tsar's summer residence, where he died in November 1825.
Taganrog was important as a commercial port. By the end of 19th century-early 20th century it was used for imports and exports of grain. Belgian and German investors founded a boiler factory, an iron and steel foundry, a leather factory and an oil press factory. By 1911, 15 foreign consulates had opened in the city.
During May–August 1918, the city was occupied by the German troops of the Kaiser. In 1919, General Anton Denikin kept his headquarters at the Avgerino mansion in Taganrog. When Soviet power was established on December 25, 1919, Denikin's remaining troops and the British Consulate were evacuated by HMS Montrose.
During World War II, Taganrog was occupied by Germans between 1941–1943. Two SS divisions entered the city in October 1941 followed by other military divisions and the city suffered extensive damage. The local government system was replaced by Bürgermeisteramt or "New Russian local government". Taganrog was liberated on August 30, 1943.
Activities
Write out the unknown words and learn them.
Make up questions to the text and ask your group-mates to answer them.
Grammar
Основные типы вопросов, используемые в английском языке:
- общий,
- специальный,
- альтернативный,
- разделительный.
1. общий вопрос относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes / no.
- Do you like cheese? – Yes, I do.
Порядок слов в общем вопросе:
вспомогательный (модальный, глагол – связка) глагол,
подлежащее
смысловой глагол
остальные члены предложения
2. специальный вопрос относится к какому – нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:
- Where do you live? – I live in London.
Порядок слов в специальном вопросе:
вопросительное слово
вспомогательный (модальный, глагол – связка) глагол
подлежащее
смысловой глагол
дополнение
3. альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:
Do you like coffee or tea?
Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.
4. разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть представляет собой повествовательное предложение, вторая, отделенная от первой запятой – краткий вопрос.
Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй – отрицание. Если в повествовательной части – отрицание, то во второй части – утверждение:
You don’t like fish and chips, do you?
She likes tea with sugar, doesn’t she?
1. Задайте 4 типа вопросов.
John visited me in the hospital yesterday.
She is reading an interesting book now.
We usually play football on Saturday.
Nick will go to school tomorrow.
Ann is a student.
Fred met a lot of interesting people in London last summer.
Louis and Evan are going to the beach now.
Sidney cuts the grass in his beautiful garden every week.
We shall enjoy the weather in Spain next June.
They were in the Hermitage last month.
The Present Perfect Tense употребляется, когда говорящего интересует не время совершения действия. А лишь его результат, т.е. выполнено действие или нет к настоящему моменту.
The Present Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have/ has и Participle II смыслового глагола. В вопросительном предложение вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим; в отрицательном предложении отрицание not ставится между вспомогательными и основными глаголами:
He has come already. / Has he come? / He has not come yet.
Формальными показателями употребления The Present Perfect Tense являются: today, this week (month, year), already, just, never, ever, lately, yet.
2.Измените время глагола на Present Perfect.
1. The pupils are writing a dictation.
2. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem.
3. I am learning a poem.
4. She is telling them an interesting story.
5. Kate is sweeping the floor.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France.
2. She (to live) there last year.
3. The rain (to stop) and the sun in shining in the sky again.
4. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday.
5. The wind (to blow) off the man’s hat, and he cannot catch it.
6. I (to see) Peter today.
7. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago.
8. She just (to meet) her teacher.
4. Ask your groupmate who has come; gone to the canteen; brought the book; taken your pen; told him/her the news. Let him/her answer your questions using the following words: Nick, my friend(s), his sister (s).
5. Ask your groupmate what newspapers (books, films, TV programmes, competitions, tournaments) he/she has read( looked through, brought, seen, watched, taken part in).Let him/her answer the questions using the following: “Sport”, ”The Moscow News”, “Martin Eden”, “Theatre”, “A Place for the Lovers”, “Romeo and Juliet”, ”News”, “Nature”, football championship, basketball championship, figure skating.
6. Replace the Infinitives in brackets by the required tense-form:
1. What’s the matter? Why he (to stop)? 2. When you (to write) a letter to your parents?_ I (to write) it today. 3. What (to do) now? I (to train) now. 4. What you (to do) when I came? – I (speak) to my coach.5. When I (to come) into the gym some of the
students (to play) volleyball, others (to do) exercises.6. We (to do) all the exercises which you (to give) us. 7. I (to see) all the new films this week.8. Many of the books that I (to read) this month (to belong) to my friend.
7. Complete the dialogues. Use the given verbs in the Present Perfect negative: play, watch, taste, read, be meet
1. A.: Is this football match on TV interesting?
B.: I don’t know. I ____________________it.
2. A.: Do you like Scotland?
B.: I don’t know I ____________________there.
3. A.: Is the meat ready?
B.: I don’t know. I ____________________it.
4. A.: Do you kike the new computer game?
B.: I don’t know. I_____________________it.
5. A.: Do you like this new book?
B.: I don’t know. I _____________________it.
6. A.: What do you think of Peter’s new record?
B.: I don’t know. I _____________________it.
Past Perfect выражает прошедшее действие, предшествовавшее какому-то определенному моменту в прошлом или завершившееся до другого действия в прошлом, иначе говоря, предпрошедшее.
Past Perfect употребляется
для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом. Этот момент может быть указан обстоятельством времени: by 5 o’clock - к пяти часам, by that time - к тому времени и др. Например: She had left by the 1st of June. - Она уехала до первого июня.
для выражения прошедшего времени, которое уже завершилось до другого, более позднего прошедшего действия, выраженного глаголом в Past Simple.
They had already gone when I arrived. – Они уже ушли, когда я появился.
Past Perfect образуется путем сочетания вспомогательного глагола to have в Past Simple и Participle II знаменательного глагола (had + V3).
8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.
1. By two o'clock the teacher (to examine) all the students.
2. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home.
3. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examinations successfully.
4. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him.
5. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to remember what (to happen) to him.
6. All the passengers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life.
7. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home.
8. Suddenly he (to remember) that he (not to ring) her up in the morning.
9. By the time the train (to reach) the city, he (to make) friends with many passengers.
10. Lanny (to say) that he (to get) his education in Cape Town.
11. The boy (to want) to act the main part in the play because he (to organize) the theatre.
12. Lanny (not to know) who (to attack) him in the darkness.
13. By eight o’clock yesterday I (to do) my homework.
14. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (not to do) her homework.
9. Say that you had/hadn’t read that text (article, book) by the evening; looked through the journal (magazine, newspaper) by 7 o’clock in the evening; translated the text by the end of the week; set up a new record before the Olympiad began; had your training before your friend came.
10. Ask your groupmate a) if he/she had finished training by the beginning of the competitions, writing the essay by Monday; done the task by 5 o’clock in the afternoon, translated the text by the end of the week , sent e-mail to your friend in London by the beginning of your holidays;
b) if his/her friend (sister, brother) had passed the exams by Friday, taken part in the sports competitions by the end of the month; prepared for the discussion by the end of last week;
c) Ask your groupmate what he/she had done before the teacher came into the classroom. Let him/her answer the questions using the following: to clean the blackboard; to open the window; to bring some chalk; to look through the hometask.
11. Replace the verbs in the following sentences by the Past Perfect Tense using the appropriate adverbial expressions.
1. They have won the match. 2. He has done the work. 3. The sportsmen have scored a new victory. 4. The sportsmen have been met at the airport by the organizers of the tournament. 5. The coaches have already arrived. 6. The jumpers have set up a new world record. 7. She has been very happy about the results.
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