- •Complete and translate the following sentences:
- •Describe different bridge structures according to their structural design using the terminology below:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Exercises:
- •Complete and translate the following sentences:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Complete and translate the following sentences:
- •Read the text about modern London bridges.
- •Read the text about the most astonishing British bridges and tell about them.
- •Think over the problems and give your reasons for the right solution.
- •Translate the following information into English using the terminology list.
- •Think of the answers to these questions. Give a reason to support what you say.
- •Read the text and find the equivalents for the following terms:
- •Read the text about a new train tunnel. (The Gotthard Base Tunnel).
- •Translate into English using the following word combinations:
- •Complete and translate the following sentences. Consult the Word list below.
- •Complete the following sentences and translate them.
- •Complete and translate the following sentences.
- •Complete the following sentences using your own ideas and the Word list below.
- •Translate the sentences into English. Try to find equivalents for Russian terms using the following words:
- •Complete the following sentences in a suitable way.
- •Discuss the ideas expressed by these two engineers suggesting their solution of public transport development in modern cities.
- •Complete and translate the following sentences:
- •Consult this list of English-Russian equivalents while studying the text.
- •Complete the following sentences and render this text in English.
- •Choose which statement is true.
- •Translate the sentences using the necessary English equivalents.
- •Find the English equivalents of Russian terminology and translate the sentences.
- •Complete and translate the following sentences using the Word list below.
Complete and translate the following sentences using the Word list below.
1. The captivating architectural merits of the Sourgut Bridge are due to such elements as (ветровые обтекатели) and the (балка жесткости), coated in orange paint.
2. The total length of the longest tunnel in Russia including its (подземные выработки) and (транспортно-дренирующие штольни) is almost 100 km.
3. Many newly-developed engineering achievements including (вертикальные и горизонтальные водопонижающие скважины) were combined and implemented while constructing the Northern-Muya Tunnel.
4. Application of (химическое закрепление грунта) in the tunnel face at a great length and putting into practice (экран из труб) method helped to overcome fracture zones.
5. Four (мысовые тоннели) were built under the unsound geological conditions. The ground was riddled with stretches of high water pressure which turned into (водоприток) including fine-dispersed rock debris material.
6. The tower produces an impression of a lace-like net because of its (поперечные связи) and practically invisible web of stay cables which are effectively illuminated during the evening.
7. The unique Silvery Pine Forest Bridge represents fan shaped arrangements of cable-stays producing the (пространственная криволинейная поверхность). This visual sensation is due to the unusual shape and a spirally twisted system of cable-stayed suspenders.
8. The (стойки по фасаду моста) provides the required vertical, horizontal and torsion stiffness for the structure and increases its beauty.
9. New excavation techniques have already been tested to increase the productivity and accelerate the (разработка грунта) of the remaining sections.
Consult the Word list while reading the text.
Cape intersecting tunnel |
мысовый тоннель |
Chemical grouting |
химическое закрепление грунта |
Cross bracing |
поперечные связи |
Dewatering well |
водопонижающая скважина |
Front bracing |
стойки по фасаду моста |
Pipe barrier |
экран из труб |
Spatial curvilinear surface |
пространственная криволинейная поверхность |
Transporting drainage raise |
транспортно-дренирующая штольня |
Underground opening |
подземная выработка |
Water inflow |
водоприток |
Wind fairings |
ветровой обтекатель |
Follow your imagination. It is the end of the XXI century. Expressways and R&M ES need reconstruction to carry high-speed traffic. Discuss with your partner all the challenges and what you would begin with. Decide what your priorities are. When you have decided, discuss your choice with the class.
HOW MUCH PROGRESS DO YOU THINK YOU HAVE MADE STUDYING THIS EDUCATIONAL BOOK? A LOT? VERY LITTLE? AN AVERAGE AMOUNT?
Key to the Units
U-1 Key: 1k; 2a; 3o; 4j; 5c; 6d; 7n; 8e; 9g; 10l; 11i; 12m; 13b; 14p; 15f; 16h
U-2 Key: 1l; 2e; 3i; 4h; 5k; 6a; 7c; 8g; 9b; 10d; 11f; 12j
U-4 Key: 1i; 2g; 3f; 4a; 5c; 6e; 7d; 8b; 9h
Key: 1c; 2f; 3a; 4e; 5b; 6d
U-6 Key: 1i; 2g; 3l; 4b; 5f; 6a; 7h; 8j; 9c; 10e; 11d; 12k
U-8 Key: 1f; 2g; 3e; 4a; 5d; 6c; 7b
U-11 Key: 1g; 2f; 3b; 4a; 5c; 6e; 7d
U-15 Key: 1с; 2i; 3l; 4j; 5k; 6n; 7b; 8m; 9e; 10d; 11h; 12a; 13g; 14f
References:
Dynamics of Structures. Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering. Anil K. Chopra. University of California at Berkeley. Third Edition. 2007. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Structural Engineering International. Journal of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), ISSN 1016-8664
Footbridge 2002. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Design and Dynamic Behaviour of Footbridges. Paris, November 20-22, 2002
Underground Space – the 4th Dimension of Metropolises. Proceedings of the 33rd ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, Prague, Czech Republic 5-10 May 2007. Volume 3. Taylor & Francis/Balkema.
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. Volume 8, November 1, January 1993. Printed in Great Britain by Nuffield Press Ltd.
Railway Age’s Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary. Simmons-Boardman Books, Inc. Third Printing. January 1992.
Dictionary of Railway Track Terms by Christopher F. Schulte. Simmons-Boardman Books, Inc. Second Edition, First Printing, January 1993.
The Wordsworth Railway Dictionary by Alan A. Jackson (ISBN 1- 85326-750-3).
Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006, Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
IRJ International Railway Journal (ISSN 0744-5326), Headily Brothers Ltd, UK
Railway Gazette International (ISSN 0373-5346), Reed Business Information, Great Britain
City Rail International (ISSN 1359-4397), A&M Transport Publishing Ltd, UK
European Rail Outlook (ISSN 1558-5239), Headly Brothers Ltd, UK
RT&S Railway Track and Structures (ISSN: 0033-8916), Simmons-Boardman Corp, USA
Public Transport International, ISSN-1016-796X
Rail Infrastructure. The Specialist Magazine for railway infrastructure industry, NPT Publishing, UK
1 One arshin equals 71 centimetres