6. Participle I and Participle II are used:

As -ing and -ed clauses:

6.1 We use -ing clauses to say what somebody (or something) is doing (or was doing) at a particular time:

Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)

Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.

6.2 When you are talking about things (and sometimes people), you can use an -ing clause to say what something does all the time, not just at a particular time.

The road joining the two villages is very narrow.

I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

6.3 clauses -ed have a passive meaning:

The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

Some of the people invited to the party can't come.

Injured and invited are past participles. Many verbs have past participles that do not end in -ed (made, bought, stolen etc.):

Most of the goods made in this factory are exported, (the goods are made...)

The police never found the money stolen in the robbery, (the money was stolen)

6.4 We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is / there was etc.:

There were some children swimming in the river.

Is there anybody waiting?

here was a big red car parked outside the house.

6.5 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)

There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. For example, boring and bored.

Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:

Jane is bored because her job is boring.

Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored, (not 'Jane is boring')

If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:

George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.

7. Some verbs require a to-infinitive, others take the –ing form, but there are also the verbs after which we can use both forms with or without the change in meaning. Study the table:

After: order; remind; force warn; beg; invite; enable; persuade = get; offer; agree; refuse; decide; plan; arrange; hope; aim; lean; deserve; afford; forget; attempt; manage; fail; promise; threaten; seem; appear; tend; pretend; claim; expect; happy; glad; sorry; surprise; enough; only. Would+like/love/prefer. The+first/next/last/best. Ask/know/remember/ explain/ learn/understand/wonder +what/whether/how+to inf. Show/tell/advise/teach sb+what/where/how+ to do. To tell the truth. To begin with. To be honest. it+be+adj. It+be+adj+of+noun/pronoun. So+adj+as. For+noun/pronoun.

Without a change in meaning: begin; continue; intend; start; bother; advise; allow; encourage; permit; recommend; require; need; want. With a change in meaning: 1. forget+to-inf (в настоящем) forget+ing (в прошедшем) 2. remember+to-inf (в настоящем) remember+ing (в прошедшем) 3. mean+to-inf (намериваться) mean+ing (значить) 4. go on+to-inf (закончить ч-л, начать другое) go on+ing (продолжить) 5. regret+to-inf (сожалеть) regret+ing (к сожалению- вводное слово, без эмоций) 6. would prefer+to-inf (особенный случай) prefer+ing (в общем, всегда) prefer+to-inf+(rather) than+ bare inf 7. try+to-inf (осознанное намерение+результат) try+ing (попытка, эксперимент) 8. want+to-inf (желание) want+ing (необходимость) 9. stop+to-inf (пауза в действии) stop+ing (конец действия) 10. be sorry+to-inf (сожалеть) be sorry for+ing (извиняться) 11. hate+to-inf hate+ing 12. be afraid+to-inf (бояться ч-л в общем) be afraid of+ing (бояться , что ч-л случится)

After: Stop; delay; fancy; consider; admit miss; involve; finish; postpone; imagine avoid; deny; risk; practice; give up; put off; carry on; go on; keep on; like; love; hate; enjoy; dislike; mind; stand; spend; waste; anticipate; appreciate; continue; delay; discuss; escape; excuse; fancy; forgive; go; mention; mind; object to; prevent; quit; recall; recollect; report; resent; resist; save; stand; suggest; tolerate; understand. I’m busy; it’s no use; it’s good; it’s worth; what’s the use of; can’t help; there’s no point can’t stand have difficulty in addition to as well as have trouble have a hard/difficult time.