5.The Complex Sentence. Types of Subordination (cs).

The CS is a polipredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination: one of the clauses serves as a modifier to the other. A polipredicative construction expresses several elementary situations united into one sentence. The kernel sent-s which are united into one are called clauses.

The CS is derived from 2 or more base sent-s, one of which performs the role of a matrix & the others are called insert sent-s. The matrix sent which is called a slot sentence by British gram-s is called the main clause(or principal), insert sent-s arc called subordinate clauses.

Thus, the subord. clauses can perform functions which are usually performed by words. The clauses in a CS can be joined syndeticallv or asyndetically (zero subordination), by sent. order & correlative words.

Blokh distinguishes the so called merger & non-merger principal clauses. Merger principal clauses include subject, predicative clauses: non-merger-subordinate clauses performing the function of secondary parts of a sentence, such as object, attr., adverbial clauses.

The principal clause is incomplete in sent-s with the subj., predicative subord. clause.

Why he went there (subj. clause) was a mystery for me. His arrival was just what they had expected (predicative clause).

The object clause denotes an object process expressed by the verbal component of the principal clause.(I don't understand what you are saying).

Subord. clauses arc classified according to 2 principles:

1) A functional classification of SC: - SC of primary nominal position (subject, predicative, object clauses); - SC of secondary nominal position (attributive, appositive clauses); -SC of adverbial position (time,place, purpose, etc.):

2) A categorial clas-tion of SC which is a characteristic of British & American gram. traditions. It's based on the association of SC with the category of parts of speech. They distinguish:

- substantive-nominal SC including subj., predic., obj. clauses;

- adjective clauses (attributive clauses);

- adverb SC.

SC are introduced by functional connective words called subordinators. They fall into 2 basic types: subordinators that occupy a notional position in the SC & those that don't occupy such a position. They serve as connectors. The first type of subordinators is called positional sub-tors, the second one – non-positional (since, before, until, because, in order that, though, as if. etc.). The positional sub-tors are called by Blokh conjunctive substitutes (who, what, whose, which, that, where, when. why).

6.The Notion of Semi-Composite sentences. A Semi-Complex and Semi-Compound sentences.

It's a sentence with more than one predic. lines which are expressed in fusion. One of the lines can be identified as the leading one & others make a semipredicative expansion of the sentence. One of the predic. lines is clearly expressed in the outer structure of the sentence, the other one isn't clearly expressed, thus making a close blending with the first predic. line (Giving an affable smile she ran up to him).

The "the deep cases analysis" was worked out by the Amer. linguist Charles Fillmore, it's called to uncover the true or deep meanings hidden under the parts of the sentence - the surface structure of the sentence. Each unit of it may correspond to one or dif. units of the deep structure of the sentence. They distinguish the fol. deep cases of the deep structure of the sentence: agent, patient, benefactive, instrumentative, means, locative, temporative, nominative, receipient, force, etc. (The pilot (agent )changed his tactics).

The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sent. built up on the principle of coordination. They are treated as simple sent-s with homogeneous subj., predicates, objects, adverbial modifiers. By the act of semi-compounding one of the base sent-s becomes the leading clause of a complex structure while the other one becomes a sequential coordinate semi-clause referring cither to the same subj., predicate or part of the predicate (There was nothing but her face in front of me -sequential clause).

By the number of base sent-s semi-compound sent-s may be 2-base & multi-base. The coordinated parts can be connected with the leading clause either synd-ly or asynd-ly.

The syndetic formation of the semi-compound sent-s.

1) Copulative connections of events (He neither hated nor liked her);

2) Contrast either comparative or adversative (He was the bravest, yet was among those to give up life);

3) Disjunctive (They either went for a walk, or took a swim in the morning);

4) Consequential (They were not actually in love with each other n so divorced);

5) Explanatory (He couldn’t go with them, because was busy);

6) Resultative (They were too tired to continue their walk);

7) Limitation (He didn't enlarge on the point, just said a few words about it).

Sometimes conjunctions may be used with subconjunctions (and then, and perhaps, but only, and yet, or else: He looked for some time at it & then turned away). The syndetic semi-compound sent-s may be homosyndetic, heterosyndetic (You saw the flash, then heard the crack, then saw the smoke-ball distant & thin in the wind - homosyndetic; The native woman came and looked at them, but vanished when the doctor addressed - heterosyndetic).

The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sent, built up on the principle of subordination. It's derived from minimum 2 base sent-s, one of which becomes a matrix or slot sent. & the other-an insert sent, which becomes a semi-subordinate clause.

TYPES. Blokh distinguishes SCS-s of 2 main types:

1) position-sharing;

2) linier expantion.

The position-sharing type falls into 1)subject-sharing & 2)object-sharing types.

The linier expantion falls into 1) attributive; 2) adverbial & 3)nominal-phrase complication.

In subject-sharing type sent-s the predicative lines of the sent. share 1 & the same subj.(The man stood silent). The predicates in these sent, fulfill a double predict. function: that of a verbal type, that of a link-verb type. The position of the predicative in such constr-s may be occupied by nouns, adj., participle (He returned a good man. She waited breathless. They stood thinking over the problem. He stared at it bewildered.). Here are included also complex subj. constr-s with predicates of double orientation(He was seen crossing).

In object-sharing type sent-s predic. lines share 1 & the same position of the subject of the main clause-complex object constr-s (We saw him approaching us).

Sent-s with attributive complication (Here is a book to read. We saw a tree broken by the wind).

Adverbial complication (The task, when completed, seemed a very easy one:The windows being closed she didn't hear the voice).

Nominal-phrase complication (Tom's coming late annoyed his mother; For him to come so late was unusual).