- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter and aims of stylistics.
- •2. Basic approaches to language investigation. The functions of language.
- •Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
- •4. Types of stylistics. Kinds of literary stylistics.
- •5. Basic notion of stylistics.
- •Variant-invariant
- •6. Stylistics and the information theory. Basic components of the information transmission model. Chief processes in the information transmission.
- •7. Style as a general semiotic notion. Different interpretations of style. Individual style.
- •8. Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic notions of stylistics.
- •9. The notion of norm. Relativity of norm
- •10. The theory of image. The structure of image.
- •11. The notion of context. Types of context
- •13. Belles letters style.
- •14. Publicistic style.
- •15. Scientific prose style.
- •16. The style of official documents.
- •17. Newspaper style.
- •18. Phonetic means of stylistics: English instrumentation and English versification.
- •Onomatopoeia
- •19. Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.
- •20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of nouns; sd based on the use of articles.
- •21. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of pronouns; sd based on the use of adjectives; sd based on the use of adverbs.
- •22. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of verbs.
- •23. Word and its Semantic Structure
- •24. Types of connotative meaning.
- •25. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary.
- •Words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •Words having no iexico-stylistic paradigm
- •26. Stylistic functions of the words with a lexico-stylistic patadigm.
- •27. Stylistic functions of literary (high-flown) words.
- •Poetic diction.
- •Archaic words.
- •Barbarisms and foreign words.
- •28. Stylistic functions of conversational (low-flown) words
- •29. Stylistic functions of the words with no lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •30. Stylistic usage of phraseology.
- •31. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •32. Expressive means of English syntax based on the reduction of the sentence structure.
- •33. Expressive means of English syntax based on the rebundancy of the syntactical pattern.
- •34. Expressive means of English syntax based on the violation of the word order.
- •35. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the interaction of syntactical constructions in context
- •36. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of syntactical meaning in context.
- •37. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of the types and means of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •38. General characteristics of stylistic semasiology. Semasiology vs onomasiology. Lexical semasiology vs stylistic semasiology. The notion of secondary nomination.
- •39. General characteristics of figures of substitution as semasiological expressive means. Classification of figures of substitution.
- •40. Figures of quantity.
- •41. Figures of quality: metonymical group.
- •42. Figures of quality: metaphoric group. Types of metaphor.
- •43. Figures of quality: epithet. Semantic and structural types of epithets.
- •44. Figures of quality: Irony. Context types of irony.
- •45. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •46. Classification of figures of figures of combination.
- •47. Figures of identity (equivalence): simile, synonyms-substitutes and synonyms-specifiers.
- •48. Figures of opposition: antithesis, oxymoron.
- •49. Figures of inequality (non-equivalence): climax, anticlimax, pun, zeugma.
- •50 The notion of the text! Different approaches to the definition, Basic classifications of text models.
- •51 Basic notions of literary text
- •It is characterized by:
- •52 The notion of the author of the literary text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s presence. Author’s image as a textual category.
- •53 The narrator in a literary text. Types of narrators with regard to the author and with regard to the textual world.
- •54. The degree of the narrator’s presence in a literary text (degree of perceptability).
- •55 The notion of the narrative perspective (focalization). Types of narrative perspectives.
- •56 Facets of focalization (perceptive, psychological, ideological)
5. Basic notion of stylistics.
Language-speech activity-speech
Language is the system of signs, the relations between them and the rules of their usage.
Speech activity is the process of converting the language system into speech in accordance with fixed rules and patterns.
Speech is the materialisation of language in communication.
Paradigmatic -syntacmatics
Paradigmatics is a set of relations between the language units of one class which are based on association (by similarity\non-similarity)
Syntagmatics is a set of linear relations between the speech units of one level within a unit of a higher language level. They are based on contiguity.
Variant-invariant
Variant – is a specific speech realization of the invariant: semantic, structural, functional.
Invariant – is an element of the abstract language system which is considered regardless its concrete speech manifestation (алофони s [s]-[z], аломорфи)
Selection-combination
Selection – means a choice of an element out of the paradigm of language unit, as the result of combination needs.
Combination – indicates the use of speech units in a syntagmatic relation to satisfy communication
6. Stylistics and the information theory. Basic components of the information transmission model. Chief processes in the information transmission.
The theory of information appeared in the 30th. The value of the notions of theory of information for the humanities is that they make it possible to see the common in such phenomenon which from the first sight seem to be completely different, to resolve the main problems of transmission of different information and to describe them in one system of terms and notions.
Information, in terms of philosophy, is the inner content of the process of reflection which results in changing the characteristics of some objects due to the influence of other objects they interact with. It means that information is an imprint left by one phenomenon on the other.
Types of information:
Denotative information is the contential nucleus of a language unit which 1) names the subject-matter of communication; 2) is not predetermined by the communication act; 3) directly or indirectly refers to the object or notion of reality.
Connotative information is the contential periphery of a language unit which: 1) depends upon different aspects of communication act (time, participants etc.); 2) expresses the speaker's attitude to the subject-matter of communication, to the listener or to the social status of the interlocutors.
According to Shenon the scheme of connection consists of five basic components:
the source of information which makes the message which is to be transmitted to the end.
transmitter which work out in some way the message into signals which correspond to the character of the give channel (the author remakes the information and decodes it).
transmission channel – an environment which is used for the transmission of the signal from the source to the receiver (literature).
receiver – restores the message from signals (reader).
addressee – is a person for whom the message was addressed.
Code is a system of signs and rules of their combination for the transmission of the message through a particular channel.
The sum of the represented in the given period of time peculiarities of the source is called a message. Message is the information which the speaker intends to transmit to (or, rather, to provoke in) the listener.
Signal is the information materialised verbally (e.g. in a sound form) or non-verbally (e.g. a dance, a piece of music etc.), as a text etc.
Predictability – is the degree of possibility of appearance of some element depending on the character of the preceding element
Redundancy – надлишковість; to protect the information from the loss of information.
The author encodes the information his thoughts, images in the words, utterances, literary work.
Accumulation – different points of view of readers on one and the same stylistic device.
Loss of information – the block of memory of the author is not identical to that of the reader.
Hindrances, noises – obsolete words; words that are not used nowadays; changes the meaning of the word, historical conditions.