- •1. Stylistics as a linguistic discipline. The subject-matter and aims of stylistics.
- •2. Basic approaches to language investigation. The functions of language.
- •Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines.
- •4. Types of stylistics. Kinds of literary stylistics.
- •5. Basic notion of stylistics.
- •Variant-invariant
- •6. Stylistics and the information theory. Basic components of the information transmission model. Chief processes in the information transmission.
- •7. Style as a general semiotic notion. Different interpretations of style. Individual style.
- •8. Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic notions of stylistics.
- •9. The notion of norm. Relativity of norm
- •10. The theory of image. The structure of image.
- •11. The notion of context. Types of context
- •13. Belles letters style.
- •14. Publicistic style.
- •15. Scientific prose style.
- •16. The style of official documents.
- •17. Newspaper style.
- •18. Phonetic means of stylistics: English instrumentation and English versification.
- •Onomatopoeia
- •19. Graphical means of stylistics. Graphon.
- •20. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of nouns; sd based on the use of articles.
- •21. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of pronouns; sd based on the use of adjectives; sd based on the use of adverbs.
- •22. Morphological means and devices of stylistics: sd based on the use of verbs.
- •23. Word and its Semantic Structure
- •24. Types of connotative meaning.
- •25. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary.
- •Words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •Words having no iexico-stylistic paradigm
- •26. Stylistic functions of the words with a lexico-stylistic patadigm.
- •27. Stylistic functions of literary (high-flown) words.
- •Poetic diction.
- •Archaic words.
- •Barbarisms and foreign words.
- •28. Stylistic functions of conversational (low-flown) words
- •29. Stylistic functions of the words with no lexico-stylistic paradigm
- •30. Stylistic usage of phraseology.
- •31. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •32. Expressive means of English syntax based on the reduction of the sentence structure.
- •33. Expressive means of English syntax based on the rebundancy of the syntactical pattern.
- •34. Expressive means of English syntax based on the violation of the word order.
- •35. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the interaction of syntactical constructions in context
- •36. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of syntactical meaning in context.
- •37. Stylistic devices of English syntax based on the transposition of the types and means of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •38. General characteristics of stylistic semasiology. Semasiology vs onomasiology. Lexical semasiology vs stylistic semasiology. The notion of secondary nomination.
- •39. General characteristics of figures of substitution as semasiological expressive means. Classification of figures of substitution.
- •40. Figures of quantity.
- •41. Figures of quality: metonymical group.
- •42. Figures of quality: metaphoric group. Types of metaphor.
- •43. Figures of quality: epithet. Semantic and structural types of epithets.
- •44. Figures of quality: Irony. Context types of irony.
- •45. General characteristics of figures of combination as stylistic devices of semasiology.
- •46. Classification of figures of figures of combination.
- •47. Figures of identity (equivalence): simile, synonyms-substitutes and synonyms-specifiers.
- •48. Figures of opposition: antithesis, oxymoron.
- •49. Figures of inequality (non-equivalence): climax, anticlimax, pun, zeugma.
- •50 The notion of the text! Different approaches to the definition, Basic classifications of text models.
- •51 Basic notions of literary text
- •It is characterized by:
- •52 The notion of the author of the literary text. Internal and external aspects of the author’s presence. Author’s image as a textual category.
- •53 The narrator in a literary text. Types of narrators with regard to the author and with regard to the textual world.
- •54. The degree of the narrator’s presence in a literary text (degree of perceptability).
- •55 The notion of the narrative perspective (focalization). Types of narrative perspectives.
- •56 Facets of focalization (perceptive, psychological, ideological)
10. The theory of image. The structure of image.
Image is the basic means of literal generalization of reality and peculiar form of social consciousness.
Image is a certain picture of the objective world, a verbal subjective description of this or another person, event, occurrence, sight made by the speaker with the help of the whole set of expressive means and stylistic devices.
In a general sense the term “image” means representation of outer world in consciousness.
Main functions of a literal style:
cognitive
communicative
aesthetic
upbringing
The structure of images conditions the frame of mind of a person who percepts a literal work, creates and organizes powers for cognitions of word and self-assertion of man in it. The main characteristic feature of image lies in representation of world in the process of practical cognition. The authenticity of representation is guaranteed by the principle of back connection. Image represents in mind past feelings and perceptions, makes the information from a literal work concrete. One more feature of image is its appearance in the process of representation and creation of world, another features – emotionality and concreteness.
The degree of explicitness of word image can be different. In situations of comparison there can be four elements:
significator
significated
the basis of comparison
relations between first two
An image can be descriptive or symbolic. Symbol is a special form of image. In a literal image symbol defines some special for it main ideas and that’s why is repeated in a text again and again generalizing important sides of reality.
11. The notion of context. Types of context
In the most general sense context is the surrounding of a linguistic unit in which different properties of the unit manifest themselves (part of speech, various meanings).
The essence of a context theory in Amosova’s approach can be summarized as follows: polysemy and homonymy characteristics of the words in language can be eliminated in speech due to context and communicative situation.
In this theory context is called a combination with its indicator which stays in direct or indirect connection with actualized word. Under the indicator we mean indicating minimum which let us say surely what of many possible meanings of a polysemantic word is meant here.
Under the situation we mean extra-lingual conditions which also perform a function of indicating the meaning of the word (life and textual situations). A direct showing is included in a life situation.
An essential component of the theory of stylistic context is a theory of strong position: putting important moments in a strong position in such place in the text where they are psychologically noticeable.
Linguistic context is a combination of a linguistic unit with its indicator having an immediate or mediated syntactical connection with the actualized word. It makes the meaning of the unit clear and unambiguous.
An extralingual (situational) context is formed by extralingual conditions in which communication takes place. Besides making the meaning of words well-defined, a situational context allows the speaker to economize on speech efforts and to avoid situationally rebundant language signs.
Extralingual context can be physical or abstract and can significantly affect the communication. A conversation between lovers can be affected by surroundings in terms of music, location. Such surroundings form a physical context. A dialogue between colleagues can be affected by the nature of their relationships. That is, one may be of higher status than the other. Such nature forms an abstract context. Historical accounts are more easily understood when evoked in the context of their own time. Such context is called temporal or chronological.
According to size:
Microcontext is the context of a single utterance (sentence).
Macrocontext is the context of a paragraph in a text.
Megacontext is the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book.
12. The notion of foregrounding. Types of foregrounding.
The notion of foregrounding was suggested in the 30th by Prague linguists in reference to the ability of verbal element to obtain extra sign, to say more in a definite context only due to the specific arrangement of the elements within an utterance without any increase of its volume.
Foregrounding is meant to draw the attention of the addressee to the elements of the utterance that have major semantic importance.
Under the foregrounding we mean the means of the formal text organization that focuses the reader’s attention on the definite components of the message and determines semantically relevant links between the elements of one or different levels.
Functions:
- establishes the hierarchy of meanings, themes, bringing some to the fore, and shifting others to the background: enables to steer between the twin rocks of intuition and objectivity;
- provides structural cohesion between the whole and its elements;
- enhances emotional involvement, provide memorability;
- protects the message from “noise” – misunderstanding.
Types:
Convergency – the accumulation of different stylistic devices having a similar stylistic function in the given text. Convergencies are especially expressive when they are accumulated in short parts of texts. The protection of the message from hindrances by means of convergency is based on redundancy. Redundancy is a value which characterizes the presentation of a message with more signs than it is necessary without hindrances.
Coupling – semantically relevant appearance of equivalent elements in equivalent position (S.Levin); the usage of similar elements in similar positions imparting integrity to the text.
Can occur at every language level:
1. phonetic – alliteration
2. structural – (parallelism)
3. semantics (synonyms, antonyms)
4. similarity of position (Where there is marriage without love, there will be love without marriage).
Deceived expectation (R.Jakobson) – braking of the pattern be the elements of low predictability. Our decoding of the information slows down at the elements of low predictability and it fixes our attention on the form. Thus the introduction of an unexpected element provides hindrance’s resistance and protects the information from losses helping the addressee to notice it.