1. Law is the highest achievement of civilization:

to refer to, to; appear; various forms of behaviour, to be regulated by laws, to define as a set of rules, the pattern of conduct to legislate against one’s own defects, to discern one’s chief claim, to stand above the animal level;

2. Functions of law:

to serve, to regulate the affairs, to act, individuals and governments, a standard of conduct and morality, to seek, to promote, to achieve; a broad range, social objectives, a vague distinction, man-made law;

3. The spheres of law:

to operate, to prove, to be quite extensive, to embrace all the spheres, production, distribution and exchange, to fix the constitutional system, to determine the legal status, the existing property relations, to lay down the measures to combat encroachment on the state system;

4. The study of legal process:

to be concerned with the question, the relationship between individual citizens and the state, the study of a legal process, to make decisions, to influence subsequent events;

5. The Law and laws:

to point to different aspects, to approach legal science, separate rules, distinct, individual rules, to analyse as separate rules, to order one’s conduct, the mere sum of rules, to call a law, the law as a system, a law as an enactment;

Ex. 6. Argue the following points:

1. Laws are made to be broken.

2. The law is an ass.

3. Laws are like nets: little fish slip through them, big fish break through them and only medium-sized fish get caught.

4. There’s one law for the rich and another for the poor.

5. The law of the jungle and the people.

Grammar Practice

Ex. 1. Supply an appropriate preposition in each blank space. Discuss the information.

a)

Despite major revisions over centuries, the legal system ... England and Wales is one ... the oldest still operating ... the modern world. (Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own internal legal systems, although many laws made ... the British government operate throughout Britain). English law has directly influenced the law ... former British colonies such as Australia, India, Canada and the nation where law plays a bigger part ... everyday life than anywhere else, the United States. ... addition, although the legal systems ... Western Europe and Japan come ... rather different traditions, there are enough similarities ... principle and institute to make comparison.

b)

Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned ... informal rule ... conduct already existing ... society, and relations ... people are regulated ... a combination ... all these rules. This relationship can be demonstrated using the example ... a sports club. Suppose a member ... a rugby club is so angry ... the referee ... a club game that he hits him and breaks his nose ... the most informal level of social custom, it is probable that people seeing or hearing ... the incident would criticize the player and try persuade him to apologize and perhaps compensate the referee ... some way ... a more formal level, the player would find he had broken the rules ... his club, and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct ... all people playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension ... he would be allowed to play another game. Finally, the player might also lace prosecution ... attacking the referee under laws created ... the government of his country.

c)

The plaintiffs owned a house next door ... the defendant's factory. Sometimes black smoke from the factory chimneys would blow across the plaintiffs' garden. The plaintiffs sued the owners of the factory complaining ... damage caused ... plants in their garden ... the smoke and loss of enjoyment of their property. They sought damages and an injunction to prevent the defendants and using their premises as a factory

d)

Held: That the owners of the factory were liable ... the plaintiffs ... the tort of private nuisance. The plaintiffs were awarded damages ... the loss of their plants and granted an injunction restricting the use of the defendants' property. It was reasonable that the defendants should use their premises as a factory but not ... a way which would cause nuisance ... adjoining property. The injunction would apply until the defendants were able to control the smoke ... their chimneys.