Operating systems and file systems

operating systems, run, data, software, compatibility, file, hardware

The operating system is the large, relatively complex, low-level piece of _______ that interfaces your ________ to the software applications you want to_______.

The operating system you use is closely related to the _______ system that manages your hard disk ________.

The reason (причина) is a simple one: different ________ use different file systems.

Some are designed specifically to work with more than one, for ________reasons; others work only with their own file system.

ANSWER KEY on page 64.

Lesson 16

Text. General Database Concepts.

Ex.1 Read and translate into Russian:

General database concepts

A database is a collection of data that is organized so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. The most prevalent type of database is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database can be replicated among different points in a network.

Databases contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles. Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of controlling read/write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing usage. Databases and database managers are prevalent in large mainframe systems, but are also present in smaller distributed workstation and mid-range systems such as the AS/400 and on personal computers.

A DBMS (database management system), sometimes just called a database manager, is a program that lets one or more computer users create and access data in a database. The DBMS manages user requests (and requests from other programs) so that users and other programs are free from having to understand where the data is physically located on storage media and, in a multi-user system, who else may also be accessing the data. In handling user requests, the DBMS ensures the integrity ([ın´tegrıtı] – целостность, сохранность) of the data and security. The most typical DBMS is a relational database management system. A standard user and program interface is the Structured Query Language. A newer kind of DBMS is the object-oriented database management system.

In IBM's mainframe operating system, the nonrelational data managers were known as access methods.

Structured Query Language is a standard interactive and programming language for getting information from and updating a database, such as IBM's DB2, Microsoft's Access, and database products from Oracle, Sybase, and Computer Associates. Queries take the form of a command language that lets you select, insert, update, find out the location of data, and so forth. There is also a programming interface.

Ex.2 Answer the following questions:

1. What is a database?

2. What types of databases do you know?

3. Do databases contain aggregations?

4. Where are databases and database managers prevalent in use?

5. How do you understand ‘mid-range’ systems?

Ex.3 Say in other words what the terms ‘integrity’ and ‘security’ mean (in English).