Билет № 2

CONSTRUCTION WORK

The buildings erected nowadays can be divided into two general classes: buildings for housing and industrial purposes. Every building must have a beautiful appearance. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple with nothing superfluous. Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems. The water supply and sewerage systems are called plumbing. Careful consideration must be given to the amount of money which will be spent on the building of the house. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must be calculated, after which work on the building site can be started.

1. construction - строительный

2. to erect – сооружать, возводить

3. to suit the requirements – соответствовать требованиям

4. superfluous – излишний

5. the water supply and sewerage – системы водоснабжения и канализации

6. plumbing – трубопровод

7. careful consideration – особое внимание

8. amount – количество

9. an estimate depending upon the design of the building – система расходов, зависящая от конструкции здания

Answer the following questions:

1. How can we classify the buildings erected nowadays?

2. How should the interior of a building be planned?

3. What should every building be provided with?

4. What does the estimate of the amount of money to be spent on building the house depend on?

Билет № 3

THE BUILDING OF A HOUSE

Almost everyone has watched the building of a house and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The part, on which the stability of the structure depends, is the framework. It is intended for safely carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roof and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned. The architect or a designer must decide what must be the size of the walls, the floors, the beams and the parts which make up the framework, and how they must be placed and arranged. Sometimes it is done by the architect who draws the plans for the house, sometimes by a designer.

1. excavation – котлован

2. basement – фундамент

3. foundation walls – фундаменты стен

4. framework – каркас (стен)

5. coats of paint – слои краски

6. stability – устойчивость

7. to be intended for – предназначаться для

8. to carry loads – нести нагрузки

9. must be carefully designed and proportioned – должны быть правильно и пропорционально спроектированы

10. beams – балки

11. to arrange - устанавливать

Answer the following questions:

1. What is done first: the excavation for the basement or the foundation walls?

2. What is the framework clothed with and protected by?

3. Which part of the building does its stability depend on?

4. Who must decide what should be the size of the walls, the floors, the beams and other parts which make up the framework?