Билет № 4

PARTS OF A BUILDING

Here are the main parts of a building and their functions. Foundations are to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which can cause cracks in walls and uneven floors. Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials. Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to weather. They tie the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.

1. soil – грунт

2. to guard – предохранять

3. to prevent from sinking and settling – не допускать опускания (осадки)

4. to cause cracks … uneven floors – приводить к появлению трещин … и перекосу полов

5. fire-resisting – огнеупорный

6. to enclose – ограждать

7. solid – сплошной, цельный

8. hollow – пустотелые (стены)

9. exposure – выставление (под дождь, солнце)

10. to tie – соединять, связывать

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the functions of the foundations?

2. What materials may be used in constructing the floors?

3. What materials are used for the wall construction?

4. What’s the function of the roof?

Билет № 5

Architectural Problems of a Building

There are several problems connected with the lot where the building is to be erected. Soil. – Soil is a very important problem in the building of any house. The land may have a sufficient depth of rich top soil, but beneath may be a ledge of soil rock, which will make the excavation of the basement very expensive, especially in climates where the footings must be carried down below the frost line. Transportation. – The problem of transportation is the most important during the whole period of construction of the building because it is necessary to bring up the materials and men to the building site. Surveying. – A survey is a plan of a piece of land showing its exact dimensions and levels, the lot boundaries with relations to the adjacent streets, the location and levels of existing sewer and water mains, electric light, gas services, etc.

1. lot – участок земли

2. a sufficient depth of rich top soil – достаточная глубина мягкого (верхнего) растительного слоя

3. ledge – слой

4. soil rock – скальный грунт

5. excavation – котлован

6. basement – фундамент

7. footing – основание

8. below the frost line – ниже уровня промерзания

9. the building site – строительная площадка

10. surveying- съемка местности

11. exact dimensions and levels – точные размеры и горизонтали участка

12. sewer mains - канализация

13. boundaries – границы

14. with relations to the adjacent streets – привязкой к соседним улицам

Answer the following questions:

1.What is it necessary to do before beginning the construction of any building? 2. Why is soil a very important problem in the building of any house? 3. Is transportation very important? Why? 4. What is a survey?