5. Peculiarities of Canadian, Australian and Indian variants

There are Australian and Canadian English. Each of these has developed a literature of its own, and is charac­terized by peculiarities in phonetics, spelling, grammar and vocabu­lary. Canadian English is influenced both by British and American English but it also has some specific features of its own. Specifically Canadian words are called Canadianisms. They are not very frequent outside Canada, except shack 'a hut' and to fathom out 'to explain'. The vocabulary of all the variants is characterized by a high percentage of borrowings. Many of them, local animals, plants or weather conditions, new social relations, new trades. such as boomerang, dingo, kangaroo are all adopted into the English language through its Australian variant. International examples coming through the English to India are bungalow, mango, pyjamas, sari. At present there is no single "correct" English and the American, Canadian and Australian English have developed standards of their own.

5. Native words. Their principal characteristics

Native word – word which belongs to the original English stock, as known from the earliest manuscripts of the Old English period. They’re divided into words of Indo-European stock(terms of kinship: farther,mother,son,daughter. Objects of nature: sun, moon, star. Parts of human body: arm, ear, heart + come, sit, stand, hard. quick, slow, red) and of Common Germanic origin-words having parallels in German, Novergian, Dutch, Icelandic (summer, winter, ground, house, hear, hope)

5. Borrowed words. Types of borrowings

Borrowed (loan) word – word is taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling. Meaning according to the standards of English. Latin and Greek borrowings. Latin and Greek borrowings appeared in English during the Middle English period. These borrowings are usually called classical borrowings.  Here belong Latin words: alter, cross, dean, and Greek words: church, angel, devil, anthem. These words were not used as frequently as the words of the Old English period. French borrowings. The largest group of borrowings. There are the following semantic groups of French borrowings: a) words relating to government : administer, empire, state, government; b) to military affairs: army, war, banner, soldier, battle; c) to jury: advocate, inquest, sentence; d) to fashion: luxury, coat, collar, pleat, embroidery; e) to jewelry: topaz, emerald, ruby, pearl ; f) to food and cooking: lunch, dinner, appetite, to roast, to stew. There are the following semantic groups of these borrowings: a) relating to literature and music: belle-lettres, conservatorie, brochure, nuance, piruette, vaudeville; b) to military affairs: corps, echelon, fuselage, manouvre; c) to buildings and furniture: entresol, chateau, bureau; d) to food and cooking: ragout, cuisine. Italian borrowings. Cultural and trade relations between Italy and England brought many Italian words into English. But mostly Italian is famous by its influence in music and in all Indo-European languages musical terms were borrowed from Italian: alto, baritone, basso, tenor, falsetto, solo, duet, trio, quartet, quintet, opera, operetta, libretto, piano, violin. Spanish borrowings. Spanish borrowings came into English mainly through its American variant. There are the following semantic groups of them: names of dances and musical instruments: tango, rumba, habanera, guitar; names of vegetables and fruit: tomato, potato, tobacco, cocoa, banana, ananas, apricot etc. German borrowings. here were also words denoting objects used in everyday life which were borrowed from German:  iceberg, lobby, and rucksack, Kindergarten Russian borrowings. Among early Russian borrowings there are mainly words connected with trade relations, such as: rouble, copeck, pood, sterlet, vodka, sable, and also words relating to nature, such as:  taiga, tundra, steppe etc.