- •Lexicology deals with:
- •The word and the morpheme. Types of morphemes
- •4. Basic unit in morphemic analysis
- •Basic unit in derivational analysis
- •Productive and non-productive affixes. The difference between productivity and its frequency
- •Classification of affixes(suffixes, prefixes, infixes, etymology)
- •Word-building in affixation
- •Conversion. Semantic relation through conversion
- •Word composition. Identification of compound words. Types of compound words
- •Shortening of spoken words and its causes
- •Blending
- •Graphical abbreviations. Initialism and Acronyms
- •There are 2 main types of word-meaning:
- •The grammatical meaning
- •The lexical meaning.
- •Structure of lexical meaning
- •Connotative(pragmatic) meaning(emotive charge, stylistic reference)
- •Types of semantic change. Linguistic causes of semantic change
- •Extralinguistic causes of semantic change
- •Homonymy. Types of homonyms. Sources of homonyms.
- •Polysemy and context. Types of context.
- •The notion of system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •Semantic fields. Lexico-semantic groups
- •Synonyms
- •Antonyms
- •Complementary represent the two opposite possibilities.(man-woman, dead - alive)
- •Мinor types of semantic relations
- •Phraseological units as distinguished from free words.
- •Different classification of phraseological units.
- •Lexicography, its subject-matter and tasks
- •The nature of a dictionary
- •Types of dictionaries. Special dictionaries. Learner’s dictionaries
- •Stylistically neutral words
- •Stylistically marked words
- •Standard English variants and dialects
- •American English
- •Peculiarities of Canadian, Australian and Indian variants
- •Native words. Their principal characteristics
- •Borrowed words. Types of borrowings
- •Assimilation of borrowed words.
- •Conditions and causes of borrowing. Main sources of borrowing English
Assimilation of borrowed words.
The role of loan words in the formation and development of English vocabulary is dealt with in the history of the language. Assimilation of borrowed words is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetic, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system. The degree of assimilation depends upon the length of period during which the word has been used in receiving language, its importance for communicative purpose and its frequency. Oral borrowings are assimilated more completely than borrowings in written speech. Groups:
completely assimilated, (are found in all layers of older borrowings) Latin(cheese,street,wine), Scandinavian(husband,fellow), French are extremely frequent(table,chair,finish). The number of completely assimilated is greater partially assimilated. They follow morphological, phonetic, orthographic standards. Frequent and stylistically neutral. Take an active pert in word-formation. Indistinguishable phonetically.
partially assimilated Subdivided into subgroups 1. not assimilated semantically, because they denote objects of peculiar country, foreign clothing (sombrero), food and drinks (sherbet) and so on 2. not completely assimilated phonetically because of stresses (prestige, sabotage, foyer)
unassimilated(barbarisms) words from other language used by English people in conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way. Italian addio «good bye»
Conditions and causes of borrowing. Main sources of borrowing English
1.political situation in the country
2. Cultural and trade relations
3. Absence of corresponding concept(отсутствие соответств понятия)
4. migration
5. Expression of positive or negative connotations
Main sources of borrowing English
It depends on different conditions of borrowing of peculiar language.
The affinity(близость) of both languages promotes semantic loans(сканидинавский и древнеанглийский)
Disintegration(распад) of a feudal society and occurrence(возникновение) of capitalist relations
Increase in trade relations
growth of cities and the industries