5. Polysemy and context. Types of context.

Polysemy - a word that has two or more similar meanings.

Types 1) in which the primary meaning is at the centre and secondary meanings come out it like rays (paper - document, wall paper, bills, scientific paper) Secondary meaning may drop out of use and it doesn’t affect (повлияет) the primary meaning.2) in which each secondary meaning depends on the previous one and it intermediate meanings drop out of use, then the first and the last meanings may become homonyms. (game (дичь) - game as an object of huntig - hunting - hunting as entertainment - entertaining game).

The term context is the minimal stretch of speech determining(определяющий) each individual meaning of the word. This is not to imply(подразумевать) that polysemantic words have meanings only in the context. The context individualises the meanings, brings them out. The meaning is determined by context.

Types

Lexical(of primary importance are the groups of lexical items combined with the polysemantic word) EG The adjective heavy in isolation possesses the meaning "of great weight, weighty". When combined with the lexical group of words denoting natural phenomena as wind, storm, etc. it means "striking, following with force, abundant", e.g. heavy rain, wind, storm, etc. In combination with the words industry, arms, artillery and the like, heavy has the meaning "the larger kind of something as heavy industry, artillery"

Grammatical (serves to determine various individual meanings of a polysemantic word.)EG The word meaning ill depends on that function which it carries out in the statement(высказывание). If function predicative (fall ill; be taken ill), meaning of a kernel(ядро) can be interpreted as in bad health. In attributive function (ill luck; ill will) meaning of a kernel(ядро)— bad, hostile.

lexico-grammatical(Important both lexical e, and grammatical meanings) EG Word «Table»

«Move that table a bit to the right.»

In a situation of shift of furniture meaning is found out under its influence — a piece of furniture;

In a situation of preparation for performance, the report it list of facts, numbers, systematically arranged (mathematical tables).

Realization of the necessary meaning occurs to the help real situation. Gestures, a mimicry, intonation of the speaking concern circumstances of speech also.

5. The notion of system. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

It has been claimed by different authors that, in contrast to grammar, the vocabulary of a language is not systematic but chaotic. The term system as used in present-day lexicology denotes not merely the sum total of English words, it denotes a set of elements associated and functioning together according to certain laws. It is a coherent homogeneous whole(последовательный однородный процесс, состоящий из взаимозависимых элементов), constituted by interdependent elements of the same order related in certain specific ways. The vocabulary of the language develops. A set(множество) is said to be a collection of distinct elements, because a certain object may be distinguished from the other elements in a set, but there is no possibility of its repeated appearance. A set is called structured when the number of its elements is greater than the number of rules according to which these elements may be constructed. V.V. Vinogradov has called it, the lexico-semantic system. The interdependence (взаимозависимость) in this system results from a complex interaction of words in their lexical meanings and the grammatical features of the language. The interaction (взаимодействие) of various levels in the language system may be illustrated in English by the following: the widespread development of homonymy and polysemy.

Besides synonymy, there are many other semantic relations.

For example, ' the husband ' and ' the wife ' aren't synonymous, but they семантически are connected by such relation which the husband ' and ' cheese ' has no place between'

' good ' and ' bad ' are various on sense, but are closer, than good and red ' red ' or ' round ';

Paradigmatics – 1) associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language as distinct from linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech (syntagmatics); relation of units in absentia (e.g. synonymic, antonymic relationships);Words can be connected also with each other синтагматически;

Syntagmatics – linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech as distinct from associative (non-simultaneous)  relationship of words in language.

compare: blond'белокурый ' and hair ' hair ', bark ' to bark ' and dog ' the dog'