- •1.The Simple Sentence
- •3.The Subject
- •4.The use of the passive voice
- •5.The use of auxilliary, link, notional verbs
- •6.The rules of the sequence of tenses
- •10. Countable/ uncountable nouns
- •12. Speak on the way expressing unreal action
- •19. Compound sentences
- •22. The category of number
- •23. Types of attributive clauses and the use of relative pronoun
- •25. Predicative complexes as any member of the sentence
- •31.The objective predicative constructions
- •33. The subjective predicative constructions
- •36. The category of case of noun
- •39. Conditional sentences and tenses in them
- •42. Unreal action in wish-clauses
- •44. Unreal action in simple sentences
- •48. Indefinite pronoun
1.The Simple Sentence
According to the purpose of the utterance there are 4 kinds of SS: The declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentence. According to the structure SS are divided into: 1) A two-member sentence has two members (a subject and a predicate). It can be complete (both members are present) and incomplete (elliptical) (one or both members are missing, but can be easily understood from the context). 2) A one-member sentence has only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate, one member makes the sense complete, used in descriptions and emotional speech. Mostly expressed by a noun (a nominal sentence) or an infinitive.1) An unextended sentence consists only of the primary parts. 2) An extended sentence consists of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes or AM).
3.The Subject
The S is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is dependent. The ways of expressing the S: 1) A noun in the common case (The sun is shining); 2) A pronoun (personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative) (Everyone is sitting), sometimes the pronouns "one, they, you, we" refer to people in general – in such cases an impersonal sentence is used in Russian; 3) A substantivized adjective or participle (The injured were taken to hospital); 4) A numeral (cardinal, ordinal) (The two were happy); 5) An infinitive, an infinitive phrase or construction (To work is a necessity); 6) A gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction (Studying is a must); 7) Any part of speech used as a quotation (Yes is the word I want to hear from her); 8) A syntactically indivisible group (Fish and chips is the most famous English dish); 9) A quotation group (And what does Mr.Know-It-All recommend?).
When "It" as a subject represents a living being or a thing it's a notional subject, when it performs a purely grammatical function it's a formal object. When a NS "It": 1) Denotes definite thing or an abstract idea (the personal "it") (Here's the door. It can be opened); 2) Points out some person or thing expressed by a predicative noun (the demonstrative "it") (It is Mary).When a FO "It": 1) Denotes natural phenomena (weather, etc.) or characterizes the environment (It is raining) or denotes time and distance (It is nine already) (the impersonal "it"); 2) Introduces the real subject (the introductory or anticipatory "it") (It's no use crying); 3) Used for emphasis (the emphatic "it") (It was John who did it).
4.The use of the passive voice
Passive constructions are often used instead of active constructions in sentences beginning with an indefinite pronoun, a noun or a pronoun of indefinite reference. Somebody left the dog in the garden. = The dog was left in the garden. A passive construction is preferable in case when the speaker is interested in what happens to the person or thing denoted by the subject. The agent or the source of the action is not mentioned at all, either because it is unknown or because it is of no particular importance in the utterance, or else it is evident from the context or the situation. We were brought up together.
There is a certain group of monotransitive verbs which are never used in the passive voice at all, or in some of their meanings; they are: to have, to lack, to become, to fit, to suit, to resemble. No passive construction is possible, if the object is a that-clause, an infinitive or a gerund. use of the passive of ditransitive verbs 1. The indirect passive is impossible with verbs of benefaction, when the action is performed for the benefit of somebody. A dictionary was bought for me. 2. the verbs with the obligatory to of the type to explain something to somebody (to describe, to dictate, to suggest, etc.). With these only the direct passive is possible: The rule was explained to them once more. 3. In verb-phrases containing a non-prepositional and a prepositional object only the non-prepositional passive is possible. I was told about their victory.
4. The infinitive cannot be used as the subject of the passive construction with a ditransitive verb.