33. The subjective predicative constructions

The subjective construction with an infinitive The construction in which the inf. is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. I. V.in the passive voice:1) of sense perception (hear, see, observe, watch). He was seen to enter the building. 2) of mental activity (think, know, believe, expect, consider, suppose) Pat was supposed to come with me tonight. 3) of saying and reporting (say, report, declare, predict). A new star was reported to have appeared in the East. 4) Causative verbs (cause, make, order, allow) The doctor was ordered to change his shift. II. in the active voice:1. With the pair of synonyms (to seem/ to appear, to happen/to chance, to turn out/ to prove). Your friend turned out to be stronger than we expected. 2. With the word- groups: (to be (un)likely, to be sure, to be certain, to be bound). But he is sure to marry her.

Subjective participial construction Mostly used after v. of sense perception. P- part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation. They were heard talking together.

Subjective predicative constructions with non-verbal (nominal) second parts These constructions structurally belong to the same type of subjective predicative constructions, but semantically they are different, because the second part of the predicate is a noun or an adjective denotes a new quality or state. In the passive voice:1. Verbs of mental activity (to accept, to believe, to think, to consider, to expect, to presume, to estimate, to regard, to suppose); verbs of saying and reporting (to declare, to describe, to call, to say, to report). The girl was thought clever. 2. Verbs with causative meaning (to make, to render)The room was made comfortable for the child. 3. Verbs denoting the change of colour (to paint, to tinge, to dye, to stain, to dust). Her hair was dyed red. 4. Verbs denoting the change of social rank, status (to appoint, to call, to christen, to elect, to raise, to select, to mark,) The child was christened Fernando. D. Verbs implying movement to a different position or state (to bring, to fling, to set, to tear). The little bird was set free.

36. The category of case of noun

Case is a grammatical category which shows relation of the noun with other words in a sentence. It is expressed by the form of the noun. the genitive case: The zero form is used: a) with regular plural nouns students’ b) with Greek nouns in -s of more than one syllable: Socrates’ ['sokrati:z] wife. Group genitive when ‘s can be joined:1) a group refers to a single idea: Mum and Dad’s room. 2) to a more extensive phrase which may even contain a clause: the Duke of Norfolk’s sister. 3) to a noun (pronoun) + a pronoun group: someone else’s benefit. 4) to a group ending in a numeral: in an hour or two’s time. The genitive case is used: 1. With nouns denoting persons and animals. 2. With nouns denoting time and distance. 3. With the names of countries and towns. 4. With the names of newspapers and organizations. 5. Often with the nouns world, nation, country, city, town. 6. With the nouns ship, boat, car. 7. With nouns denoting planets: sun, moon, earth. 8. With some inanimate nouns in the following set expressions: to one’s heart’s content (desire), at death’s door, at arm’s length, out of harm’s way, a hair’s breadth, a needle’s eye, at a stone’s throw, to move at a snail’s pace, at the water’s edge.