10. Countable/ uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns can't be counted. They are not used in the plural, do not take the plural ending s/es, are not used with the indefinite article a/an, and agree with a singular verb. Liquids: (water, tea) Gases: (air, oxygen) Solid substances: (bread, butter, cheese, meat, fruit, ice) Powder, grain: (sugar, salt, pepper) concrete mass nouns: (food, furniture, equipment) abstract notions: (beauty, chaos) abstract nouns: (advice, honesty, humour, information, news, time, work). Feelings, emotions: (anger, calm, excitement, love, pleasure) types of state: (health, sleep, silence, childhood). activities: (reading, writing) Scientific subjects: (mathematics, history, grammar). Names of languages: (English, French) Sports: (basketball, football, billiards). Natural phenomena: (sunshine, darkness, fire, weather, rain). Names of diseases: (pneumonia, cancer, measles, mumps).

An uncountable noun is not used with the indefinite article. If you need to point out an uncountable noun, use the definite article the. I am studying the history of France. Certain expressions of quantity are used to show a particular amount or a portion of something (a little, a bottle of, a bowl of; a box of, a bunch of; a can of, a carton of, a container / a cup of, a dozen, a gallon of, a glass of; a head of; a jar of, a loaf of, a pack of; a piece of, a pint of; a pound of, a roll of, a slice of, a teaspoon of, a tube of, One, two, five) Uncountable nouns, usually concrete mass nouns, may be used in the plural with the ending s/es to show different kinds and varieties. the teas of India.

beauty; a beauty =красота; красавица; glass; a glass= стекло; стакан; paper; a paper= бумага; доклад; reason; a reason=разум; причина; iron; an iron= железо; утюг; football; a football= футбол; футбольный мяч hair; a hair= волосы; волосок; medicine; medicines= медицина; лекарства

12. Speak on the way expressing unreal action

The subjunctive mood expresses unreal, hypothetical and problematic action. Unreal actions are act that contradict reality. 1) wish+ past simple (to present), past perfect (to the past). Wish you never come 2) should/ would+ non-perf (to present, future) + perf (to the past). But for you I’d have never solved that problem. 3) past subjunctive WERE for all person, number with reference to the present/ future/ no particular time. If he were not so stupid. 4) non-factual past tenses 1. Past simple/ continuous (to present, future). If I were sleeping now...2. Past perfect/ p.p. continuous (to the past). If only I had followed his advice.. 5) might/ could/ would+ have done. Yesterday we could have celebrated…

19. Compound sentences

A compound sentence consists of two or more clauses of equal rank. Clauses that are parts of a compound sentence are called coordinate, as they are joined by coordination. Coordinate clauses may be linked together with (syndetically) or without (asyndeticaily) a connector. Syndetic (союз) coordination is (and, but, or, nor, for), or with conjunctive adverbs (moreover, besides, however, yet, still, otherwise, therefore). The opening clause mostly plays the leading role, and each successive clause is joined to the previous clause. A sentence may begin with a coordinating connector, but in this case the whole sentence is joined to the previous sentence in the text. A coordinate clause cannot change place with the previous one without changing or distorting the meaning of the whole sentence. From the point of view of the relationship between coordinate clauses, we distinguish copulative, adversative, disjunctive and causative-consecutive.

1. Copulative coordination implies that the information conveyed by coordinate clauses is in some way similar. The copulative connectors are: the conjunctions and, nor, neither... nor, not only... but (also), as well as, and the conjunctive adverbs then, moreover, besides. The events described in copulative coordinate clauses may be simultaneous or successive. Occasionally the second clause may contain some commentary on the previous clause. 2. Adversative coordination joins clauses containing opposition, contradiction or contrast. Adversative connectors are: the conjunctions but, while, whereas, the conjunctive adverbs however, yet, still, nevertheless, and the conjunctive particle only. Adversative coordination may also be realized asyndetically. 3. Disjunctive coordination implies a choice between two mutually exclusive alternatives. The disjunctive conjunctions are or, either... or, the conjunctive adverbs are else (or else), otherwise. 4. Causative-consecutive coordination joins clauses connected in such a way that one of them contains a reason and the other - a consequence. The second clause may contain either the reason or the result of the event conveyed by the previous clause. The only causative coordinating conjunction is for.