22. The category of number

Sing.: hair, money, gate, information, funeral, progress, advice; -some nouns ending in –s: measles, mumps, billiards, dominoes, economics, news, works;plural: goods, surroundings, authorities, likes, sights, braces, goods, contents, riches, clothes, wages, eaves, resources, activities, terms, appearances, congratulation; -words denoting things consisting of two matching parts: glasses, jeans, scissors, spectacles

-some plural proper names: the Middle Ages, the Midlands, the Hebrides; -substantivized adjectives denoting people: the rich, the poor

1. Seven nouns distinguish plural from singular by vowel change: man – men, woman – women, tooth – teeth, foot – feet, goose – geese, mouse – mice, louse - lice 2. Two nouns have -en to mark the plural: ox - oxen, child - children. 3.With some nouns the plural is identical with the singular form a) sheep-sheep (овца); swine - swine (свинья); deer - deer (олень); There, are some animal names that have two plurals: fish - fish/fishes, pike - pike/pikes, trout - trout/trouts, carp –carp/carps, salmon - salmon/salmons. b) identical singular and plural forms are also typical of nationality nouns in -ese, -ss: Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss 4. A number of foreign nouns have their original plural endings. Loans of Greek : -is/-es [i:z] basis, crisis, analysis -on /-а criterion, phenomenon; -а /-ata miasma. Loans of Latin: -us /-i, -ога, -era radius, corpus, genus; -а/ -ае [i:] formula, antenna; -um/-a datum; -es,-ix [ɪks]/ –ices Other loan nouns-ean [ou] /-eaux [ouz] tableau, bureau.-o [ou] /-i [i]tempo. 1. As a rule in compounds it is the second component that takes the plural form: housewives; 2. Compounds in -ful have the plural ending at the end of the word: mouthfuls 3. Compounds in which the first component is man or woman have plurals in both first and last components: women-doctors 4. In compounds with a conjunction as a linking element the plural is taken by the second noun: gin-and-tonics. 5. In compound nouns formed by a noun plus a preposition, or an adverb, or an adjective only the first element takes the plural: passers-by 6. When the compound is a substantivized phrase which does not contain a noun, the last element takes the plural ending –s: forget-me-nots

23. Types of attributive clauses and the use of relative pronoun

Attributive limiting clauses are very closely connected with the antecedent and cannot be removed from the sentence, because the information contained in the attributive clause singles out, determines, or particularizes the person, thing, idea expressed by the antecedent.

Limiting clauses may be joined by preposition=prepositional attributes, asyndetically= contact clauses. Contact clauses are always limiting, for both the main and the subordinate clause complete each other. An attributive descriptive clause is characterized by a looser connection with the main clause. Usually it contains additional information about the antecedent and may be left out without any serious change in the meaning of the main clause. Attributive descriptive clause referring to a whole clause, sentence, series of sentences, or even a whole story is called a continuative (or sentential) attributive clause. It is generally introduced by the connective which, occasionally by that.

The choice of relative word depends on the categorical meaning of the antecedent. a) If the antecedent denotes a living being= who, whom, whose, that. A man whose voice seemed familiar to me gave commands. b) If a thing or notion= which, whose, that. He went to the next house, which stood in a small garden. c) If expressed by all denoting a living being = who, that; if it denotes a thing or notion= that. d) If expressed by everything, something, anything or nothing=that, or the clause is joined asyndetically. Everything that you may want is in the wardrobe. e) If modified by only, any, or by an adjective in the superlative degree = that or is joined asyndetically. The only object that gave her satisfaction during those days was the white monkey. This is the best chance that we have. f) If modified by such= as. She was playing the piano with such feeling as couldn't he expected from a girl of her age. g) modified by same, several relative expressions may be used:

the same children as..., the same person who..., the same island that..., the same time when..., the same place where... h) if designating spatial or temporal notions=when, where, whence. It is the hour when we sleep. i) cause or reason =why. They see no reason why they should not do so.