№41 Communicative type of sentence

I . Structural approach. Acc to it the 1^st stage s-ce are subdivided into

- simple →one-member: nominal (Fire!) and verbal (Do it!)

→two-member: complete (When are you going?) and incomplete or elliptical (To the cinema.)

- composite → compound and complex ;

2. Acc. to the purpose of utterance;

• declarative→ negative and affirmative (their purpose is that they express a statement giving information;

• interrogative s-ces (their purpose of utterance is to obtain information, to ask for infor.→ they can be subdivided into verifying questions in which case the speaker has already got some infor. And wants to know whether the infor. Is true or false. Ex. Is it Potapov Street? In this case we use general ?-s→ verifying ?-s. Identifying ?-s→ a certain part of infor. Is missing and the person wants to know it. Ex. where do you live? Who are you going to the country with? (special, alternative ?-s).

• Imperative s-ces. Their purpose is to make an addressee perform a certain action .- inducement (побуждение).

• Exclamatory s-ces. Their purpose is to express the speaker’s emotional state. Ex What a lovely day! Some scholars, however, think that emotional s-ces should not be treated as a special type but they should be included into a Noun of statements because their main purpose is also to give infor.

These 4 types of s-ces differ one from another in their following features: word order (Is it room 25?), the use of auxiliaries (Do you smoke? Don’t do it), the use of special interrogative words (who, when, which, why), a special syntactic structure (in imperative no subj.-, intonation (↓,↑).

2. The 3^rd Approach (acc. to their parts of speech). Subject and predicate are the backbone of the s-ce. Object → direct, indirect, prepositional. Attribute→ prepositional, postpositional. Adverbial modifiers → time, place, manner, purpose, result, comparison, concession, condition, reason, course. In add-n to this → direct address, parentheses, apposition, loose (detached) parts of the s-ce (обособленные члены предложения).

№42 The complex part of the sentence. Secondary predication (SP). Secondary predication (SP)

The transition to the composite s-ce is based on what is very aptly termed “secondary predication”. In every s-ce there is bound to be predication, without which there would be no s-ce. In a usual two-member s-ce the predication is between the subject and the predicate. In most s-ces this is the only predication they contain. However there are also s-ces which contain one more predication, which is not between the subj. and the predicate → “secondary predication”. In ME there are several ways of expressing SP→ the complex object. Ex. I saw him run. The verb run expresses the action performed by him. This predication is obviously a secondary one: him is not the subj. of the s-ce, run is not its predicate.

On the syntactic functions of the group him run (or its elements) views vary. The main difference is between those who think that him run is a syntactic unit, and those who think that him is one part of the s-ce, and run another. If him run is taken as a syntactic unit it is very natural to call it a complex object: it stands in an object relation to the predicate verb saw and consists of two elements.

If, on the other hand, the phrase is not considered to be a syntactic unit, its 1^st element is the object, an its 2^nd element is termed the objective predicative. In some cases the two elements of the phrase can not be separated without changing the meaning of the s-ce: I hate you to go means I hate the idea of your going. If we stop after the 1^st element: I hate you..., the sense is completely changed. In other cases the separation of the two elements may not bring about a change in the meaning of the s-ce: I saw him run → if we stop after him: I saw him, this does not contradict the meaning of the original sense: I saw him run implies that I saw him.

There is no doubt, therefore, that with some verbs (and some Ns) the 2 elements of the phrase following the predicate verb cannot be separated. (also ex. We heard them singing) The choice between the two alternatives evidently depends on factors lying outside Gr-r. From a strictly grammatical viewpoint it can be said that the difference between the adverbial modifier and an objective predicative is here neutralised.