- •The muscles of head (musculi capitis/мышцы головы) The facial muscles (musculi faciei/мышцы лица)
- •Masseter (m. Masseter/жевательная мышца)
- •Lateral pterygoid (m. Pterygoideus lateralis/латеральная крыловидная мышца)
- •The fasciae of the head
- •The superficial muscles
- •Suprahyoid muscles
- •Infrahyiod muscles
- •The deep muscles
- •The cervical fasciae
- •II. The superficial layer of cervical fascia proper (lamina superficialis fasciae colli propriae/поверхностная пластинка собственной фасции шеи)
- •III. The deep layer of cervical fascia proper
- •Topography of the neck
- •Muscles related to the upper limb
- •Serratus anterior (m. Serratus anterior/передняя зубчатая мышца)
- •Autochthonous muscles
- •Nerve supply of the autochthonous muscles. Intercostal nerves.
- •The fasciae of thorax
- •Rectus abdominis (m. Rectus abdominis/прямая мышца живота)
- •Abdominal fascia
- •The muscles of upper limb
- •The muscles of the arm
- •Biceps brachii (m. Biceps brachii/двуглавая мышца плеча)
- •The fasciae of the arm
- •The topography of the arm
- •The muscles of the forearm
- •The posterior group
- •The muscles of the hand
- •The fasciae of the forearm and the hand The antebrachial fascia
- •Dorsal fascia of hand
- •The topography of the forearm and the hand
- •The muscles of lower limb
- •The muscles of the hip region The anterior group
- •Obturator internus (m. Obturator internus/внутренняя запирательная мышца)
- •Sartorius (m. Sartorius/портняжная мышца)
- •Vastus medialis
- •Vastus lateralis
- •Vastus intermedius
- •Adductor brevis (m. Adductor brevis/короткая приводящая мышца)
- •Gracilis (m. Gracilis/тонкая мышца)
- •The iliac fascia (fascia iliaca/подвздошная фасция)
- •The fascia lata (fascia lata/широкая фасция)
- •Muscles of the leg
- •Tibialis posterior (m. Tibialis posterior/задняя большеберцовая мышца)
- •Muscles of the foot
- •Plantar
- •Fasciae of the leg and foot
- •Topography of the leg and foot
- •The cruropopliteal canal (canalis cruropopliteus/голено-подколенный канал).
- •The grooves of the sole
- •Superficial muscles related to the upper limb
- •Superficial muscles related to the ribs
- •The deep (autochtonous) muscles
- •Lateral tract
The muscles of the hand
The thenar muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis (m. abductor pollicis brevis/короткая мышца, отводящая большой палец кисти)
Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bones.
Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
Action. Abduction of the thumb.
Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Flexor pollicis brevis (m. flexor pollicis brevis/короткий сгибатель большого пальца кисти)
Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal hones.
Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Its tendon contains a sesamoid bone.
Action. Flexion of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
Nerve supply. Median nerve.
Adductor pollicis (m. adductor pollicis/мышца, приводящая большой палец кисти)
Origin. Oblique head from the bases of metacarpals; transverse head from the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal.
Insertion. To the base of the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The tendon contains a sesamoid bone.
Action. Adduction of the thumb.
Nerve supply. Deep branch of the ulnar nerve.
Opponens pollicis (m. opponens pollicis/мышца, противопоставляющая большой палец кисти)
Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bones.
Insertion. To the shaft of the 1st metacarpal.
Action. Produces opposition of the thumb.
Nerve supply. Median nerve.
The hypothenar muscles
Palmaris brevis (m. palmaris brevis/короткая ладонная мышца)
Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis.
Insertion. To the skin of the ulnar border of the palm.
Action. Tenses the palmar aponeurosis.
Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
Abductor digiti minimi (m. abductor digiti minimi/мышца, отводящая мизинец)
Origin. From the pisiform bone.
Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
Action. Abduction of the little finger.
Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (m. flexor digiti minimi brevis/короткий сгибатель мизинца)
Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bone.
Insertion. To the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
Action. Flexes the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
Opponens digiti minimi (m. opponens digiti minimi/мышца, противопоставляющая мизинец)
Origin. From the flexor retinaculum and adjacent carpal bones.
Insertion. To the shaft of the fifth metacarpal.
Action. Opposition of the little finger.
Nerve supply. Ulnar nerve.
The middle muscles of the hand
The lumbrical muscles (mm. lumbricales/червеобразные мышцы)
Origins. The four muscles arise from the sides of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus.
Insertions. To the lateral sides of the dorsal extensor expansions of the extensor digitorum tendon.
Actions. Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints.
Nerve supply. Medial two muscles by the ulnar nerve and lateral two by the median nerve.
The interossei (mm. interossei/межкостные мышцы)
Origins. Dorsal from adjacent sides of four metacarpals and palmar from one side of each metacarpal.
Insertions. Both dorsal and palmar are inserted into the sides of the proximal phalanges and the dorsal extensor expansions in such a way that the dorsal interossei abduct the fingers and the palmar adduct them.
Actions. Adduction and abduction as above. Both sets of muscles produce flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints, as in the ‘precision grip’.
Nerve supply. All by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.