7. Лидерство. Качества лидера.

Leadership is needed at all levels in an organization. It is likely, however, that the leadership qualities required by a supervisors or manager are not the same as those required by the chief executive of a company. Leadership is the lifting of a man`s vision to higher sights the raising of a man`s performance to a higher standard, the building of a man`s personality beyond its normal limitations. Some studies had suggested , for example, that leaders were more intelligent, more self-confident, had better judgement than other people. But, it was pointed out, many people with these trains do not become leaders. And many leaders do not have such trains. Fred Fiedler, professor of psychology and management identified two basic leadership styles: Task-motivated leaders- let people what to do and how to do it. Such leaders get their satisfaction from completing the task and knowing they have done it well. They run a tight ship, give clear orders and expect clear directives from their superiors. This does not mean that they show no concern for other people. But their priority is getting the job done.

Relationship – motivated leaders – are more people-oriented. They get their satisfaction from having a good relationship with other workers. They want to be admired and liked by their subordinates. Such leaders will share responsibility with group members by encouraging subordinates to participate in decisions and make suggestion. There is identified some characteristics of the chairman and chief executives of the companies, which made them good leaders: firstly, the leaders were ‘visible’. They did not hide away in some ivory tower at head office. They should made regular visits to plans and sites, toured round their companies and talked to employees . Besides being visible, the leaders companies should provide a clear mission. In other words, they knew where the organization was going and persuade staff to follow them. Finally, successful organizations have clear values. And it is the job of the leader to shows what they are.

8. Что такое менеджмент. Менеджмент как наука.

Management is the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing and controlling people and other organizational resources. This definition spells out the four key functions of management: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) directing, and (4) controlling. Planning. The planning function is the capstone activity of management. Planning activities determine an organization’s objectives and establish the appropriate strategies for achieving those objectives. Planning is done by all managers at every level of the organization. Organizing. After managers develop objectives and plans to achieve the objectives, they must design and develop an organization that will be able to accomplish the objectives. Thus, the purpose of the organizing function is to create a structure of task and authority relationships that serves this purpose. Directing. Sometimes called leading or motivating, directing function involves influencing the members of the organization to perform in ways that accomplish the organization’s objectives. Directing focuses directly on the people in the organization, since its major purpose is to channel human behaviour toward accomplishing organizational goals. Controlling. Finally, a manager must make sure that the actual performance of the organization conforms with the performance that was planned for the organization. This is the controlling function of management. At this point, one should note that the management process does not involve four separate or unrelated activities but a group of closely related functions. Also the four functions do not necessarily occur in the sequence which has been presented. In fact, the only time they might do so is when a new organization is being formed. In reality, various combinations of the four activities usually occur simultaneously.