- •Имя существительное (the noun)
- •Функции существительного в предложении
- •Категория рода
- •Категория числа
- •Образование множественного числа имен существительных
- •Особые случаи образования множественного числа имен существительных
- •Имена существительные, употребляющиеся только в единственном числе
- •Имена существительные, употребляющиеся только во множественном числе
- •Категория падежа
- •Притяжательный падеж (the Possessive Case)
- •Образование притяжательного падежа
- •Артикль (the article)
- •Неопределенный артикль
- •Определенный артикль
- •7. Перед существительными breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper
- •Местоимение (the pronoun) Местоимения
- •Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Возвратные и усилительные местоимения
- •Взаимные местоимения
- •Указательные местоимения
- •Неопределенные местоимения
- •Местоимения some, any, no и их производные
- •Вопросительные, союзные и относительные местоимения
- •Обобщающие местоимения
- •Глагол (the verb)
- •Наклонение (the mood)
- •Действительный залог (the active voice) Настоящие времена
- •Настоящее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Произношение окончания -s(-es):
- •Употребление the Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense
- •Настоящее длительное время
- •Образование причастия настоящего времени.
- •Употребление The Present Continuous (Progressive)Tense.
- •Настоящее простое или настоящее длительное время
- •Глаголы состояния
- •Настоящее совершенное время
- •Настоящее совершенно-длительное время
- •Настоящее совершенное или настоящее совершенно-длительное время
- •Сравнение настоящих времен
- •Прошедшие времена
- •Прошедшее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Прошедшее длительное время
- •Прошедшее простое или Прошедшее длительное время
- •Прошедшее совершенное время
- •Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
- •Прошедшее завершенное и Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
- •Сравнение прошедших времен
- •Будущие времена
- •Будущее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Конструкции to be going to для описания будущих действий
- •Будущее длительное время
- •Будущее совершенное время
- •Будущее совершенно-длительное время
- •Будущее совершенное или Будущее совершенно-длительное время
- •Настоящее простое и настоящее длительное время в значении будущего времени
- •Придаточные предложения времени и условия
- •Сравнение будущих времен
- •Действительные и страдательные обороты
- •Страдательные обороты с формальным подлежащим it
Вопросительные, союзные и относительные местоимения
Interrogative, Conjunctive and Relative Pronouns
К ним относятся местоимения who кто (объектный падеж – whom кого, кому), what что, какой, whose чей, which который. Сюда же относится относительное местоимение который.
Союзные местоимения who/whom, what, whose, which, that отличаются тем, что вводят придаточное дополнительное, предикативное и обстоятельственное предложение, соединяя его с главным.
Относительные местоимения who, whose, which, that вводят только придаточные определительные. Они относятся не ко всему предложению, а только к определенным словам в главном предложении.
Who translated this article? |
Кто перевел эту статью? |
Whose research is that? |
Чьё это исследование? |
Whom will you deliver your lecture to? |
Кому вы прочитаете лекцию? |
What has happened? |
Что случилось? |
What are the mineral resources of the country? |
Каковы полезные ископаемые страны? |
What help will you give us? |
Какую помощь вы нам окажете? |
Which of the articles interests you most? |
Которая (какая) из статей интересует вас больше всего? |
The student who translated this article… |
Студент, который перевел эту статью… |
The scientist whose research is mentioned… |
Ученый, чьё исследование упоминается… |
The students to whom you will deliver your lecture… |
Студенты, которым вы прочитаете лекцию… |
Nobody knows what has happened. |
Никто не знает, что случилось. |
Experts did not know what the mineral resources of this country were. |
Эксперты не знали, каковы полезные ископаемые этой страны. |
I will give you what help I can. |
Я окажу вам ту помощь, какую только смогу оказать. |
The task which the students carried out… |
Задание, которое выполнили студенты… |
He was the greatest scientist that the world has ever known. |
Он был величайшим ученым, которого когда-либо знал мир. |
Обобщающие местоимения
Universal Pronouns
A ll
Местоимение all весь, вся, всё, все употребляется с существительными в единственном и множественном числе в функции определения. Если при существительном есть определенный артикль или притяжательное местоимение, то all ставится перед артиклем или притяжательным местоимением.
All также употребляется без последующего существительного, и в этом случае выступает в функции подлежащего или именной части сказуемого:
All flowers need water. |
Всем цветам нужна вода. |
All is well that ends well. |
Всё хорошо, что хорошо кончается. |
That is all that she asked me. |
Это всё, что она спросила у меня. |
Both
Местоимение both оба, и тот, и другой употребляется с существительными и местоимениями во множественном числе, как без артикля, так и с артиклем the, который ставится после него. Притяжательное или указательное местоимение также ставится после both. Местоимение both употребляется в функции определения, а также употребляется без последующего существительного, и в этом случае выступает в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого или дополнения:
Both (the) sisters live in Minsk. |
Обе сестры живут в Минске. |
Both my sons are married. |
Оба мои сына женаты. |
Both these buildings were built after the war. |
Оба эти здания были построены после войны. |
You have given me two examples; both are correct. |
Вы дали мне два примера; оба правильные. |
Every, each
Местоимения every, each имеют значение каждый. Местоимение each употребляется по отношению к ограниченному числу лиц или предметов, а местоимение every употребляется по отношению к неограниченному числу лиц или предметов. Each может выступать в предложении в функции определения, подлежащего и дополнения, every может выполнять только функцию определения.
Every student is tested twice a year. |
Каждый студент тестируется дважды в год. |
We greeted each guest. |
Мы приветствовали каждого гостя. (Подчеркивается, что мы приветствовали их индивидуально.) |
We greeted every guest. |
Мы приветствовали каждого гостя. (Имеется в виду, что мы приветствовали всех гостей.) |
Местоимение every может входить в сочетание с body, one, thing, образуя сложные местоимения everybody, everyone все, каждый, everything всё.
Everybody knows it. |
Все знают это. |
Everything is hopeless. |
Всё безнадёжно. |
Either, neither
Местоимение either имеет следующие значения:
1)один из двух, тот или другой, любой из двух:
You may go by either road. |
Вы можете ехать по той или другой дороге (по любой из двух). |
2)и тот и другой, оба, каждый из двух:
There was a huge fireplace at either end of the hall. |
В том и другом (в каждом) конце зала был огромный камин. |
3)каждый, всякий, любой (из многих):
Take either pen (either of these pens). |
Возьми любую ручку (любую из этих ручек). |
Местоимение neither ни тот, ни другой, никто является отрицательной формой местоимения either:
Neither of the examples is correct. |
Ни тот, ни другой пример не является правильным |
Other, another
Местоимение other (another) имеет значение другой, другие. Местоимение another имеет дополнительное значение иной (отличный от данного), еще один:
The building is on the other side of the road. |
Здание находится на другой стороне дороги. |
Give me another example. |
Дай мне еще один пример. |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. |
Substitute pronouns for the italicized words in each sentence. |
Model: |
The boy is reading the book. – He is reading it. |
1. |
Mary is studying her lesson with John. |
2. |
His friends always enjoy his jokes very much. |
3. |
The man is moving the furniture into the other room. |
4. |
Frank and I usually meet our friends at the corner. |
5. |
The United States consists of fifty individual states. |
6. |
The women are talking about the party. |
7. |
Those people need the money as soon as possible. |
8. |
Are the men speaking to Mr. Brown at this moment? |
9. |
The waitress always washes the tables carefully. |
10. |
The people don’t like the news very much. |
11. |
The police protect the city day and night. |
12. |
The policeman is giving a ticket to that woman. |
13. |
All of the students enjoy basketball very much. |
Exercise 2. |
Supply the correct possessive pronouns in the following sentences. |
Model: |
They usually eat their lunch at the Ritz Cafeteria. |
1. |
We always study ____ English lessons very carefully. |
2. |
That girl always takes very good care of ____ clothes. |
3. |
The children are playing with ____ toys right now. |
4. |
I always put ____ pens and pencils in the second in the second drawer. |
5. |
Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are sitting in ____ living room now. |
6. |
You and I don’t spend ____ money very carefully. |
7. |
Miss Davis is using ____ sister’s book today. |
8. |
We write letters to ____ friends once or twice a month |
9. |
Tom and Bill are walking home with ____ friends. |
10. |
Mr. Brown seldom drives ____ car to ____ office. |
11. |
You don’t do ____ English lessons very carefully. |
Exercise 3. |
Substitute a possessive pronoun for the words in parentheses in each sentence. |
Model: |
That book is (my book). - That book is mine. |
Those are (her pictures). - Those pictures are hers. |
1. |
Is this your purse or (Miss Brown’s purse)? |
2. |
Are those my shoes or (his shoes)? |
3. |
Their house and (our house) are both on the same block. |
4. |
That red car in front of (your car) is (my brother’s car). |
5. |
Are these two books (your books) or (my books)? |
6. |
All of these magazines are (his magazines). |
7. |
Those cigarettes on the table are (my cigarettes). |
8. |
Are all of these papers (your papers)? |
9. |
That newspaper on the desk is (her newspaper). |
10. |
That big white house on the corner is (their house) |
11. |
Edward’s new suit and (my new suit) are very similar. |
Exercise 4. |
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns in the following sentences. |
Model: |
I will ask him myself. |
1. |
Don’t hurt ____ Mike! |
2. |
Don’t hurt ____, children! |
3. |
He defended ____ bravely. |
4. |
They told me the news ____. |
5. |
She will answer the letter ____. |
6. |
We’ll do it ____. |
7. |
I looked at ____ in the mirror. |
Exercise 5. |
State whether the self-pronoun is emphatic or reflexive. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. |
The villagers built themselves new houses. |
2. |
They build the houses themselves. |
3. |
The man opened the door and found himself facing a stranger. |
4. |
Would you mind keeping your opinion to yourself? |
5. |
I heard it from a man who himself was present there. |
6. |
He was in a still worse position than ourselves. |
7. |
Go and see it for yourself. |
8. |
You can trust him. He is honesty himself. |
9. |
And then they left me to myself. |
10. |
If one wants a thing done, one had best do it oneself. |
11. |
He noticed that there was someone standing between himself and the door. |
Exercise 6. |
State which of the pronouns in bold type are reciprocal. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. |
They looked at one another in surprise. |
2. |
We couldn’t hear each other’s words for the wind. |
3. |
He smoked one cigarette after another. |
4. |
Although they lived in the same street they rarely saw each other. |
5. |
The new-comer shook hands with the host and nodded to every other in the room. |
Exercise 7. |
Choose this or these. |
Model: |
This is your briefcase. These are your books. |
1. |
____ questions are hard. |
2. |
____ seem very hard. |
3. |
____ seems very easy. |
4. |
____ lesson is simple. |
5. |
____ words are new. |
6. |
____ goes on ____ lines. |
Exercise 8. |
Choose that or those. |
Model: |
Is that man here now? Are those students ready? |
1. |
Are ____ your gloves? |
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2. |
Does ____ seem difficult? |
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3. |
Do ____ men speak English? |
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4. |
Is ____ lesson very easy? |
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5. |
Do ____ feel comfortable? |
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6. |
Do ____ belong on ____ desk? |
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7. |
Does ____ go in ____ drawers? |
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Exercise 9. |
Choose sentences where that, those substitute nouns. |
1. |
Natural rubber is of higher quality than that produced artificially. |
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2. |
These factors taken together ensure high production efficiency. |
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3. |
The pictures painted by Rembrant and those painted by Rubens have very little in common. |
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4. |
Those are the lorries carrying our brothers to the mines. |
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5. |
There are no richer art museums in this country than these of St Petersburg. |
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6. |
The electric power output in our country cannot compare to that of pre-revolutionary Russia. |
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7. |
Consumption of bread and potatoes is decreasing steadily while that of sugar is increasing despite doctors’ recommendations |
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8. |
The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones. |
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9. |
These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory. |
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10. |
An important matter is that of raising the effectiveness of external economic relations |
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11. |
For the last generation, Silicon Valley and Tokyo have been working to design computers that are ever easier to use. |
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12. |
These control systems are more efficient than those described in that journal. |
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13. |
A work generated by a computer may resemble that of a certain artist in both style and form. |
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14. |
The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. |
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15 |
The robots became so intelligent that they revolted. |
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Exercise 10. |
.Substitute that or those for the repeated nouns. |
1. |
The pictures painted by Rembrandt and the pictures painted by Rubens have very little in common. |
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2. |
The language in plays is usually easier and more simple than the language in novels. |
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3. |
The music of Queen of Spades is more dramatic than the music of Eugene Onegin. |
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4. |
The stories written by O. Henry are as full of life as the stories written by Mark Twain. |
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5. |
Natural rubber is of higher quality than rubber produced artificially. |
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Exercise 11. |
Underline the correct item. |
Model: |
Give me some/any hot water, please. Have you bought some/any milk? |
1. |
I hardly know somebody/anybody here. |
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2. |
You can buy postcards at any/no post office. |
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3. |
Among all the people who came to the party she cared for anybody/nobody. |
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4. |
It was a great concert. Everybody/somebody enjoyed it. |
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5. |
Have they got any/some objections to our proposal? |
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6. |
Some/every day he will achieve great success. |
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7. |
Somebody/everybody who went to Egypt spent a good time. |
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8. |
Are you going anywhere/nowhere these summer holidays? |
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9. |
I want to go somewhere/anywhere but I don’t have no/any money. |
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Exercise 12. |
Fill in anyone / anybody, any, anything, no one / nobody, something, some, someone / somebody. |
Model: |
Are there any extra chairs in the other classroom? |
1. |
The chairman didn’t get suggestions from ____ in the audience. |
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2. |
I didn’t have ____ trouble with my report last night. |
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3. |
Did you see ____in the hall outside the office? |
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4. |
The secretary is speaking to ____ on the phone now. |
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5. |
He didn’t say ____ to the boss about his plans. |
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6. |
The girls didn’t buy ____ at the store today. |
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7. |
____ knows a thing about this except you and me. |
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8. |
There’s ____ for you on the desk in your room. |
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9. |
There will be ____ in the office before 9 a.m. |
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10. |
The children are eating ____ ice-cream in the kitchen. |
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Exercise 13. |
Fill in much, many. |
Model: |
That program has much advertising and many interruptions. |
1. |
That work took ____time. It was ____trouble for us. |
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2. |
You drank too ____ coffee and eat too ____ sandwiches last night. |
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3. |
Frank receives ____ e-mails from his friends and relatives. |
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4. |
You didn’t invite very ____ guests. |
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5. |
The waitress put too ____ cream and sugar in my coffee. |
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6. |
The students had ____ difficulties with the translation. |
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7. |
The radio is very loud now. It is making ____ noise. |
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8. |
He spoke too fast and used too ____ hard words for me. |
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Exercise 14. |
Fill in few, a few, little, a little. |
Model: |
Would you like a little milk in your tea? And, please, have a few sweets, too. |
1. |
I have ____ time, so let’s go for walk. |
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2. |
I don’t think she is a good teacher, she has got ____ patience. |
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3. |
____ can afford to buy house abroad. |
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4. |
____ people can play golf perfectly. |
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5. |
He went to ____ parties and enjoyed all of them. |
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6. |
She made ____ corrections to my business plan. |
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7. |
Did you have a chance to say ____ words to the boss before the meeting? |
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8. |
His ideas are very complex, and ____ people can understand them. |
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9. |
____ knowledge is a dangerous thing. |
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Exercise 15. |
Analyze the pronoun in bold type and state whether they are conjunctive, relative or interrogative. |
1. |
He turned from his work to see who was there. |
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2. |
Nothing she had done that morning was worth the time that she had spent on it. |
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3. |
Who could have thought that they would do it like that? |
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4. |
My group mate whom I met two days ago was very upset. |
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5. |
What time did she go off duty last night? |
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6. |
The painting that has been bought is very expensive. |
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7. |
Still it would be better to have some idea what he was going back to. |
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8. |
I remember you mentioned Wednesday and Friday. Which day shall we make it then? |
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9. |
The book which she gave me is very interesting. |
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10. |
He felt like one whose dream has come true, but too late. |
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Exercise 16. |
Complete the following dialogues with suitable pronouns. Memorize and play out them. |
1. |
- Shall I take the table out into the garden? |
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- Yes, please. And the chairs, too. |
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- Right. Where shall I put them. |
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Oh anywhere. I’ll bring the tea.
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2. |
- Excuse me, could you tell me where Paddington Station is? |
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- I’m sorry, I can’t. I’m a stranger here myself. |
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3. |
- By the way, I quite forgot to tell you that I’ve visited the zoo. |
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- Oh? When did you go there? |
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- I went there last Saturday afternoon with a girlfriend. We both enjoyed it very much. |
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- I haven’t been to the zoo since last summer, but it hasn’t changed much, I imagine. |
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4. |
- We haven’t bought the new furniture for Robert’s room yet. |
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- No. If he is going to use it as a study as well as a bedroom, he must have a few extra things. |
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3. |
- Has there been an accident? |
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- As you see. |
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- Can I see your driving licence and insurance certificate? |
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- Here you are. |
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- (pointing to the other driver) Do you want to charge this person with dangerous driving? |
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- Well … we’ve exchanged particulars. Both our cars are damaged a bit. |
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3. |
It’s Peter’s birthday the day after tomorrow. I’ve had a new suit made for him to wear at his party. |
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Are we going to have a lot of his friends here, Nora? |
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Oh, yes, didn’t I tell you? |
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Are you going to cook all the cakes and things yourself? |
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Some of them And the rest I’ll have done by a shop. |
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