- •Имя существительное (the noun)
- •Функции существительного в предложении
- •Категория рода
- •Категория числа
- •Образование множественного числа имен существительных
- •Особые случаи образования множественного числа имен существительных
- •Имена существительные, употребляющиеся только в единственном числе
- •Имена существительные, употребляющиеся только во множественном числе
- •Категория падежа
- •Притяжательный падеж (the Possessive Case)
- •Образование притяжательного падежа
- •Артикль (the article)
- •Неопределенный артикль
- •Определенный артикль
- •7. Перед существительными breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper
- •Местоимение (the pronoun) Местоимения
- •Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Возвратные и усилительные местоимения
- •Взаимные местоимения
- •Указательные местоимения
- •Неопределенные местоимения
- •Местоимения some, any, no и их производные
- •Вопросительные, союзные и относительные местоимения
- •Обобщающие местоимения
- •Глагол (the verb)
- •Наклонение (the mood)
- •Действительный залог (the active voice) Настоящие времена
- •Настоящее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Произношение окончания -s(-es):
- •Употребление the Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense
- •Настоящее длительное время
- •Образование причастия настоящего времени.
- •Употребление The Present Continuous (Progressive)Tense.
- •Настоящее простое или настоящее длительное время
- •Глаголы состояния
- •Настоящее совершенное время
- •Настоящее совершенно-длительное время
- •Настоящее совершенное или настоящее совершенно-длительное время
- •Сравнение настоящих времен
- •Прошедшие времена
- •Прошедшее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Прошедшее длительное время
- •Прошедшее простое или Прошедшее длительное время
- •Прошедшее совершенное время
- •Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
- •Прошедшее завершенное и Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
- •Сравнение прошедших времен
- •Будущие времена
- •Будущее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Конструкции to be going to для описания будущих действий
- •Будущее длительное время
- •Будущее совершенное время
- •Будущее совершенно-длительное время
- •Будущее совершенное или Будущее совершенно-длительное время
- •Настоящее простое и настоящее длительное время в значении будущего времени
- •Придаточные предложения времени и условия
- •Сравнение будущих времен
- •Действительные и страдательные обороты
- •Страдательные обороты с формальным подлежащим it
Настоящее совершенное время
The Present Perfect Tense
Образование. The Present Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме настоящего времени (have, has) и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола: I have worked, he has worked, we have worked.
В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Have I worked? Has he worked? Have we worked?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I have not worked, he has not worked, we have not worked.
Употребление the Present Perfect Tense.
a) Недавно закончившиеся действия. В этом значении the Present Perfect Tense часто употребляется с наречиями just только что, already уже, yet еще, lately недавно, of late в последнее время, recently недавно.
The mail has just come. |
Почта только что пришла. |
b) Закончившиеся прошлые действия, связанные с настоящим, с указанной или не указанной ссылкой на время (today сегодня, this week на этой неделе, this month в этом месяце, this century в нашем веке и др.).
I have written a letter this morning. |
Я написал письмо сегодня утром. |
c) Личный опыт/перемены, которые произошли.
I’ve lost 5 kilos. |
Я похудела на 5 килограмм. |
d) Для подчеркивания количества.
This year our team has won 2 cups. |
В этом году наша команда выиграла 2 кубка. |
e) Употребляется вместо the Present Perfect Continuous Tenseс глаголами, обычно не употребляющимися во временах группы Continuous.
I have known him for 2 years. |
Я знаю его 2 года. |
f) Действие, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени (часто с since с или for в течение).
I have lived here since my childhood. |
Я живу тут с детства. |
g) В обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях условия и времени, которые вводятся союзами if если, unless если … не, provided that при условии если, when когда, until, till до тех пор, пока не, as soon as как только, as long as пока, before прежде чем и т.д. для описания будущих действий вместо the Future Perfect Tense. См. будущие времена. Придаточные предложения времени и условия.
I’ll go out as soon as I have solved this problem. |
Я поеду гулять, как только решу эту задачу. |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. |
Write as many of the irregular Past Participles as you can. Check them, and learn the ones that you don’t know. |
be |
become |
begin |
break |
bring |
build |
come |
cost |
do |
drink |
eat |
fall |
flow |
forget |
freeze |
give |
go |
hear |
hold |
hurt |
keep |
know |
learn |
leave |
let |
make |
pay |
put |
read |
say |
see |
shut |
sit |
speak |
stand |
swim |
take |
tell |
think |
write |
Exercise 2. |
Give the correct form of the Present Perfect of each verb. |
1. |
I ____ just ____ the news. (hear) |
2. |
She ____ already ____ her homework. (do) |
3. |
We ____ 30 kilometres today. (walk) |
4. |
She ____ never ____ in a plane. (flow) |
5. |
These letters ____ just ____. (arrive) |
6. |
She ____ away from home for six months. (be) |
7. |
Three people ____ the company this week. (leave) |
8. |
He ____ there since he was a child. (live) |
9. |
A new supermarket ____ in town. (open) |
10. |
Tom ____ that movie twenty times. (see) |
Exercise 3. |
Make negative Present Perfect sentences. |
Model: |
Helen has left the house already. I haven’t left the house. |
1. |
I’ve made a lot of mistakes in my dictation. Paul ____ |
2. |
Margaret has traveled a lot in her life. Her friends ____ |
3. |
We have already stayed in this town. Jane ____ |
4. |
I’ve been to a rock concert twice this year. Jim and Rob ____ |
5. |
I’ve worked here for six years. Dave ____ |
6. |
This is the fourth time he has damaged my car. I ____ |
7. |
They have bought a new car. Their neighbors ____ |
8. |
Joe has changed his job twice this year. I ____ |
9. |
I’ve heard this music before. My parents ____ |
10. |
Sarah has lost her passport again. Maria ____ |
Exercise 4. |
Make Present Perfect questions. |
Model: |
you/ hear/ the news ? Have you heard the news? |
where/ Mark/ phone ? Where has Mark phoned? |
1. |
what/ you / say to Diana? |
2. |
the Sunday newspapers/ arrive? |
3. |
where/ you/ put the keys? |
4. |
you/ finish/ painting the house? |
5. |
how long/ they/ have/ this problem? |
6. |
Emily/ write/ to her parents? |
7. |
why/ Andrew/ go home? |
8. |
you/ ever/ be/ to London? |
9. |
it/ stop/ raining yet? |
Exercise 5. |
Alex is a very hard-working student. It’s midnight and he is still working at his computer. Write sentences with the Present Perfect Tense and for or since. |
Model: |
be/ at his computer/ eight hours He’s been at his computer for eight hours. |
1. |
not/ have/ any fun/ a long time |
2. |
not/phone/ his parents/ Monday |
3. |
not/ sleep/ 24 hours |
4. |
not/ watch a video/ September |
5. |
not/ see/ his friends/ ages |
6. |
not/ do/ any sport/ last year |
7. |
be / busy with his studies / months |
Exercise 6. |
It is nine o'clock in the morning. Look at the table and say what Kate has/ hasn’t done. Use Present Perfect verbs with already, yet and just. |
Model: |
She has just had a cup of coffee. |
8.55 |
have a shower get dressed do a lot of work write letters telephone mother clean kitchen read newspaper make toast listen to the radio |
yes no yes three 8.57 yes no 8.59 no |
Exercise 7. |
Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc. |
Model: |
I see Peter every day, but I haven’t seen him today. |
1. |
I read a newspaper every day, but I ____ |
2. |
Nike always works hard at school, but ____ |
3. |
We go to the cinema most weekends, but ____ |
4. |
Someone usually rings in the evening, but no one ____ |
5. |
We usually have a party each term, but ____ |
6. |
I drink three cups of coffee a day, but ____ |
7. |
My father buys a newspaper most mornings, but ____ |
Exercise 8. |
A. Steve is in a travel agency. A customer offers him a walking holiday in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Take a part of the customer and ask Steve some questions beginning Have you ever...? |
Model: |
CUSTOMER: |
STEVE: |
Can you walk a long distance? |
Yes, no problem. |
|
Have you ever walked (walk) more than 50 kms? |
Yes, often. |
CUSTOMER: 1. Are you healthy? __________ (have) a serious illness? __________ (break) an arm or a leg? 2. Can you swim? __________ (travel) in a boat? 3. Do you like flying _________ (fly) in a plane? 4. Can you read a map? __________ (lose) your way? 5. Do you sleep well? __________ (sleep) outside? 6. Are you afraid of heights? __________ (climb) a high mountain? |
Yes, very No, never. My leg, twice. Yes. Yes, twice. Not very much. Yes, a few times. I think so. No, never. Yes, always. Yes, many times. No. Yes, once. |
|
B. Now write 3 sentences saying what Steve has done, and 3 sentences saying what Steve hasn’t done. |
Model: |
He has (often) walked more than 50 kms, |
but |
|
He has never ridden a camel. |
|
C. And what about you? |
Model: |
I never walked more than 50 kms. |
Exercise 9. |
Fill in with for, since, already, just, never, ever or yet. |
1. |
I’ve lived here ____ I was a child. |
2. |
She hasn’t phoned ____ |
3. |
Have you ____ been to China? |
4. |
They have ____ told the truth. |
5. |
He’s been abroad ____ five years. |
6. |
I have ____ received a new message. |
7. |
My parents have __ decided to buy a new car. |
8. |
I’ve lived here ____ three months. |
9. |
Has he ____ spoken to you about the problem? |
10. |
We have ____ come late. |
11. |
Mark hasn’t been to Paris ____. |
12. |
He has ____ finished reading the novel. |
13. |
David has ____ found the solution to his problems. |
14. |
I’ve worked in the factory ____ 1982. |
Exercise 10. |
Find the mistakes and correct them. |
1. |
I’s read two books this week. |
2. |
He travel all over the world already. |
3. |
I saw her in May, but I have seen her since. |
4. |
She has drive the same car for fifteen years. |
5. |
I have yet climbed a mountain. |
6. |
You ought to wash the car. You hasn’t washed it for ages. |
7. |
Bill will done a lot of things at different times in his life. |
8. |
She’s been here always10 minutes. |
9. |
We’s lived here for seven years. |
10. |
I have have this bike since I was a teenager and I still use it. |
Exercise 11. |
Work in pairs. You haven’t seen your friend for a long time. You want to know what your friend has done since you last meet. Ask and answer questions using the prompts below and your own ideas. |
-
finish/ study
find/ a new job
move/ new flat
get/ married
start/ swimming
Model: |
SA: Have you finished your studies? |
SB: Yes, I have. |