III. Seminars

Seminar No 1

HISTORY OF FORMIGN ENGLISH.

EARLY HISTORY OF BRITANNIA.

1. Origin of English

2. The periods of the English language.

3. The Iberians and Celts as the earliest inhabitants of British Isles.

4. Traces of the Roman rule in Britain. Latin borrowings.

5. Anglo-Saxon period. Vocabulary.

6. Scandinavian Conquerors. The Scandinavian traces in British vocabulary.

7. The Normans Conquest. French Borrowing.

1. Origin of English

• About how many years has the English Language as such, been in existence?

• To what branch of the I.E. family of languages does English belong?

2. The periods of the English language.

   • What periods is the English language divided into?

   • What kind of phenomena is this division based on? What does it mean?

3. The Iberians and Celts as the earliest inhabitants of British Isles.

• What people were the earliest inhabitants of Britain?

• Where did the Celts come from?

• When did the Celts start to inhabit Britain?

• What part of Britain did the Celts live in? How long?

• What words of the Celts do they still have in N.E.?

2. Traces of the Roman rule in Britain. Latin borrowings.

• What is the period of the Roman ruling?

• What traces of the Roman rule do they still have?

2. Anglo-Saxon period.

• What Teutonic tribes occupied the British Isles? When?

• What were the main kingdoms of Teutonic tribes?

• What were the main dialects of O.E.?

• Vocabulary of O.E. period.

2. Scandinavian Conquerors.

• The period of Scandinavian Conquering (short history)

• Vocabulary of Danish and English.

2. The Normans Conquest.

• The period of the Normans Conquest

• Who were the Normans?

• What was the language of the Normans?

Additional information The Scandinavian Influence

Some three hundred years after the West Germanic tribes had settled in England, there was another wave of invasions, this time by Scandinavians. In the history books these people are usually referred to as "Danes," but there were Swedes and Norwegians among them, and their speech was probably no more uniform than that of the first wave. The dialects they spoke belonged to the Northern rather than the Western division of Germanic. They differed rather more from the dialects of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes than these differed from each other—roughly, about as much as Spanish differs from Italian. In spite of different habits of pronunciation, most of root words were enough alike to be recognizable. The difficulty caused by differences in inflection was partly solved by dropping some of the inflections altogether and being broad-minded about the others. Spelling was not much of a problem, because most people could not write, and those who could, spelled as they pleased there were no dictionaries to prove them wrong.

Although these Danes moved in on the English, and for a time dominated them politically, their conquest was nothing like as thor­ough as that of the English over the Britons. After the early fighting the two peoples settled down together without much attention to their separate origins, and the languages mingled. On the whole, English rather than Danish characteristics won out; but many of the words were so much alike that it is impossible to say whether we owe our present forms to English or Danish origins, and occasionally the Danish forms drove out the English ones. Sometimes both forms remained, usually with a somewhat different meaning. Thus we have"shirt" and"skirt", both of which originally meant a long, smock-like garment, although the English form has come to mean the upper part, and the Danish form the lower. Old English"rear" and Danish"raise" are another pair—sometimes interchangeable, sometimes not.

The Norman Conquest

In 1066 the Normans conquered England. They, like the Danes, had originally come from Scandinavia. But they had settled in northern France, and for some undiscoverable reason had given up their own language and learned to speak a dialect of French. For several centuries Normans, and other Frenchmen that they invited in later, held most of the important positions in England, and it seemed quite possible that French would become the standard language of the country. But the bulk of the population was still English, and they were stubborner than their rulers. Most of them never learned French, and eventually —though only after several centuries—all the nobles and officials were using English.

It was not, however, the English of the days before the conquest. A good many French words had gotten into the language; and most of the inflections that had survived the Danish pressure had dropped out, with a standard word-order making up for their loss. We need not go into the argument about whether the new word-order had to develop because the endings dropped out, or the endings disappeared because the new word-order made them unnecessary. The two changes took place together, and by the time of Chaucer (died 1400) the language had become enough like modern English to be recogniz­able. The pronunciation was quite different and the spelling was still catch-as-catch-can; but a modern student can get at least a general idea of Chaucer's meaning without special training, while he can no more read Old English than he can German or Latin, unless he has made a special study of it. Compare the two following passages:

1. Hwaet! We gardena in geardagum

Theodcyningas thrym gefrunon

2. Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote

The droghte of March hath perced to the roote

In the first two lines from Beowulf (about 700 a.d.), only "we" and "in" are readily recognizable; while in the first two from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, only soote (sweet) offers much of a problem.

From Chaucer's time to our own the language has developed with no outside pressure comparable to that of the Danish and Norman invasions. Still more endings have disappeared, and there have been other changes; but the greatest development has been in the vocab­ulary. A considerable number of Chaucer's words have dropped out of use, and a much greater number of new words have been added. Some of these new words have been made by compounding or other­wise modifying old ones, but most of them have been borrowed from other languages, particularly Latin.

Impact of the Roman Civilization on the English language.

The semantic history of the names of the days of the week is the example of the impact of the Roman civilization. These words are loan- translations of corresponding words in Latin, with the second element denoting day. The first element was the name of a God or a planet. The procedure was to substitute name of the God of Romans for the corresponding Germanic God or translate the name of the planet into Old English. The result may be tabuled as follows:

O.E. name	Modern translation	Latin Pattern
Sæterns dæz “Saturn’s day”	Saturday	Saturnis dies Saturn – the God of Agriculture and Merry Making
Sunan dæz “Sun’s day”	Sunday	Solaria dies
Monan dæz “Moon’s day”	Monday	Lunae dies
Tiwes dæz “Tiw’s day” Tiw – Teutonic God of War or God of Darkness	Tuesday	Martis dies Mars – the God of War
Wondess day “Woden’s day” Woden – the God of the Elements, later on – the God of War, the highest heathen diety	Wednesday	Dies Mercury Mercury – the Messenger of Gods, the God of Trade and Commerce
Punres dæz OE punor – the God of Thunder	Thursday	Dies Jovis Jupiter – the God of Thunder
Frie dæz “Freya’s day” Freya – the Goddess of Love and Beauty	Friday	Veneris dies Venera – the Goddness of Love and Beauty

The seven day division is connected either with the seven subdivision of the week, with the seven phases of the moon or with the seven visible planets. It was supposed that each day of the week is governed by the certain planet. As the planets were worshipped and often considered as the seats of Gods in the cowers of time the first element in the names of the days of the week began to be associated with the Gods themselves.

The succession of day of the week is not without logic. The middle of the week was devoted to Woden who according to some versions was considered as the God of War. It was the highest heathen deity since war was so important in those barbaric times where brute force, not the force of intellect was a winning card. Then the thunder god and after those Freya – the love Goddess appeared on the scene to restore the rages of darkness, war and thunder followed by Saturn, the god of merry-making. At last Sunday came again and the cycle repeated itself.

If Tiw is taken for the God of Darkness the logic is in the following: succession of one day of the week after another may be explained through the opposition of light to darkness, as the former was usually associated with good protecting forces and the latter with the evil ones. The week opens with Sunday sacred to the light – and – life giving sun. It is followed by Monday, the day of the Moon that only reflects the Sun’s light. It gives way to Thursday, commanded by Tiw, the God of Darkness. And darkness was often associated in those days with evil events, including war. The explanation of the rest of the cycle will remain the same.

Seminar No 2

MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (XII-XV). EARLY NEW ENGLISH PERIOD (XVI-XVII) . NEW ENGLISH PERIOD (XVIII- …).

1. ME dialects. Existence of three languages

2. Vocabulary of ME period

3. Raising of London dialect

4. Book printing

5. Forming of the national language

6. Spreading of English outside of England.

7. Development of the literary standard.

DEVELOPMENT OF A LITERARY STANDARD

The changes that took place in the language throughout the Old and Middle English periods were a natural development, unguided by any theory. Men talked more or less as their neighbors did, and anybody who wrote tried to indicate the sound of his speech on paper. There were no dictionaries, no grammars, and no printed books of any kind. As far as we know, very few people thought about the language at all; and most of those who did think about it considered it a crude and rather hopeless affair, unworthy of serious study. There were exceptions, of course, but they did not have much influence. Local differences were so great that a man trained in northern England would have serious difficulty reading a manuscript written in the southern part. However, the dialect of London had a certain prestige throughout the country; and although this dialect itself was by no means uniform, and changed with shifts in city population, it gradually came to be accepted as the standard. By the latter half of the fifteenth century London dialect was quite generally used in writing throughout the country except in the extreme north. The introduction of printing in 1476, with London as the publishing center, greatly strengthened the influence of the London dialect. Strong local differences in spoken English remain to this day, especially among the less educated classes. But throughout the modern period written (or at least published) English has been surprisingly uniform.

EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY MOVEMENT TO REGULARIZE THE LANGUAGE

Until the eighteenth century the uniformityof the language was the result of social pressure rather than of educational theory. Early English grammars (the first appeared in 1586) had been written to help foreign­ers learn English or to prepare English students for the study of Latin grammar. On the whole these books neither had nor were intended to have any influence on the use of English by native speakers. It was not until about 1750 that there was any general attempt to teach English­men systematically how to use their own language.

It is too bad that this attempt was not postponed for a few more generations. Since the really scientific study of various languages had not yet begun, the eighteenth century grammarians had to base their work on a set of theories that we now know are definitely wrong. For one thing, they thought that grammar had an absolute existence, and must therefore be the same in all languages. Since they believed that this grammar was well preserved in Latin and badly frayed in English, they often tried to reform a natural English expression on a Latin model.

For another thing, they thought that the simplifying of inflections, which had been going on for centuries, was decay instead of progress. They could not do anything about the ones that had already com­pletely disappeared, but they did make a deliberate and fairly success­ful effort to preserve those that were just disappearing. We would not have so many irregular verbs today if they had just let nature take its course.

Perhaps the most dangerous of their ideas was that they could keep the language from ever changing any more. They argued that Latin had remained unchanged for centuries, and they saw no reason why English should not do the same. They failed to realize that the only reason classical Latin had remained unchanged was that the men who had written it had been dead for a long time. There were still scholars― there a few even today― who could imitate classical Latin. But as a natural language for the people Latin had developed in different areas: in Italian, French, Spanish, and so forth. All of these lan­guages, as well as English, are still changing, and we have every reason to believe that they will continue to change as long as they are used.

If these theories had merely been the bad guesses of a few scholars, they would not have done much harm. But they became the guiding principles in most schoolroom instruction just at the time when education was becoming general, and when the study of the English language was beginning to be recognized as an end in itself and not merely as a preliminary step to the study of Latin. As a result, during the two hundred years in which English has been seriously taught in our schools, it has been taught almost entirely on a set of theories, which can now be proved unsatisfactory, so that a great part of the effort has been wasted.

Since most students find it hard enough to learn English grammar without making comparisons with other languages, we need not go into a detailed explanation of why the eighteenth-century theories were wrong. But the basic structural difference is easily grasped. Latin is a syntactic language. That is, it is highly inflected, and the relations between words are shown primarily by their endings. Old English was also syntactic, but modern English has become an analytical language. Most of the endings have dropped off, and even those that remain arc much less important than they used to be, since the relations between words are now shown largely by word-order and function words, such as connectives and auxiliary verbs. It is now rather generally held that the shift from a syntactic to an analytical structure is an improvement, but most eighteenth-century grammarians considered it a calamity and tried to stop it.

One effect of this misdirected effort has been to interfere with the natural development of the language. By 1750 most of the Old Eng­lish irregular verbs either had dropped out of use or had become regular: help, hold had become help, helped; wash, wesh had become wash, washed, etc. A number of others were in the process of making the same change: blow, blew to blow, blowed; throw, threw to throw, throwed; etc. We should probably still have some irregular verbs even if eighteenth-century grammarians had not deliberately resisted this development, but there would certainly not be so many. Most of us probably have a feeling that such forms as blowed and throwed are in­trinsically wrong; but our acceptance of helped and washed as correct shows that this is purely a matter of habit.

At the same time, many of those troublesome verbs like sing and take, which have separate forms for the past participle, were simpli­fying to a single past form. This change also was resisted on the theory that the small number of inflections was "the greatest defect in our language." The fact that only about forty of our verbs now have these separate forms proves conclusively that we don't need them, and most of them would probably have disappeared by now if they had been allowed to depart in peace. But after two centuries of insistence on the importance of these unfortunate survivals, we may never get rid of them.

Seminar No 3

OLD ENGLISH PHONETICS AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

WRITING AND BORROWINGS.

1. The first consonant shift. Grimm’s law.

2. Verner’s law

3. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Beowulf works of OE

4. OE alphabet

5. OE vowels and consonants

6. OE phonetic phenomena as the sources of forming diphthongs and new sounds. Phonetic phenomena :

   • Fracture (Breaking)

   • Palatalization

   • Back Mutation

   • I-mutation

7. OE Borrowings

Practical task:

1. Make up pairs of the following words according to Grimm’s Law.

   • I.E. bhrata, nabhata, duo, болото, tres, pater, octo, иго;

   • Germ. nebal, twa, brobor, breo, fadar, acht, oke pol

2. Make up three groups of words keeping in mind different pronunciation of OE “z”

zleo, dazas, zear sinzas, folzian zod, sorz

zod, zlæd, ziefan, zewitan, dæz

strenz, stizel, slozon, zung, zeoc, zealu

3. Explain the correspondence vowels in I.E. and O.E.

I.E. frater, octo, medius, ventus

O.E. bropan, ahtau, middle, wind

4. Explain forming of diphthongs in the following pairs.

• hira >hiora; herot>heorot; fela>feola, caru>cearu;saru>searu

• ærm>earm; æld>eald; æhta>eahta; herte>heorte; melcan>meolcan; feh>feoh;

• zefan>ziefan, zæf>zeaf, scacan>sceacan, scort>sceort.

5. What influenced on changing of the following vowels:

framian>fremman; namnian>nemnan

tællian>tellan

ofstian>efstan; domain>deman

fullian>fyllan; cupian>cypan

hleahian hliehhan eleafian eliefan

afeoria afierran etreowi etriewe

Text. OE period.

From “The Song of Beowulf”

(West Saxon, ab. 700 A.D.)

"The Song of Beowulf" is one of the oldest English heroic epics. The author is unknown. The date of the composition of the poem is uncertain, for it includes religious elements both of a Chris­tian and a heathen character. Probably it was composed somewhere about A.D. 700 by an Ang­lian poet in the vicinity of Northumbria. But the manuscript, and it is the only one, which still sur­vives, was written down in West Saxon three hundred years later, about the year 1000.

The materials for the poem are mainly from theScandinavian history, folk tales. The events take place in Denmark and Sweden. Its subject takes us back to the first half of the sixth century. It speaks of the victory of the Franks over the Geats led by Hygelac, which occurred about 512-520. In this fight a young warrior Beowulf distin­guished himself by strength and valour.

Like all Anglo-Saxon poems it is written with a long line. The lines do not rhyme, but they are in the alliterative verse, which was common to the early Germanic poetry. Each line is divided into halves by a pause and the half lines are linked by alliteration. The same consonant is repeated at the beginning of stressed syllables, either once in the first half of the line and twice in the second or vice versa. Note, for example, the repetition of "f" and "b" in the following lines:

Fyrst ford jewat: flota wæs on ydum,

bat under beorze. Beornas zearwe...

If a stressed syllable begins with a vowel, the vowels can alliterate with one another, (see lines 219, 224).

The poet has a special and extensive vocabu­lary. He uses archaic and poetic terms, which are not employed in prose. For example the notion "warrior" can be expressed in dozens of ways. A distinctive stylistic effect is achieved by the wide use of two-term (double) metaphors, for example, the poet uses such "picture—names" for the things and people he describes: the "swan's road" or "whale-path" for sea, "ring-bestower" for king, "bound wood" for ship.

BEOWULF

(A. sea-monster is disturbing the king of the Danes. A young warrior called Beowulf comes to the rescue. With fourteen adventurers he sails to Denmark).

210 Fyrst ford zewat: flota wæs on ydum,

bat under beorze. Beornas zearwe

on stefn stizon: streamas wundon,

sund wid sande; seczas bæron

on bearm nacan beorhte frætwe.

215 zudsearo zeatolic: zuman ut scufon,

weras on wilsid wudu bundenne.

Gewat pa ofer wæzholm winde zefysed

flota famiheals fuzle¹ zelicost,

od pæt ymb antid opres dozores²

220 wundenstefna zewaden hæfde,

pæt da lidende land zesawon,

brimclifu blican³, beorzas steape,

side sænæssas: pa wæs sundliden,

eoledes æt ende.

Here is a version of the poem modernized by Benjamin Thorpe [3, p. 10]

Time passed; the floater was on the waves,

the boat 'neath the hill; the ready warriors

stepped on the prow; the streams surged

the sea 'gainst the sand; the warriors bare

into the bark's bosom bright arms,

a rich war- array. The men shoved out

on the welcome voyage the wooden bark.

Most like to a bird the foamy-necked floater,

impelled by the wind, then flew o'er the waves

till about the same time on the second day

the twisted prow had sailed so far

that the voyagers land descried,

shining ocean-shores, mountains steep,

spacious sea-nesses. Then was the floater

at the end of its voyage.

Comments

1. fuzle - the unstressed vowel of the en­ding-ol (fujol) is dropped in the case-forms ( cf. Russian отец, отца ). This kind of change was pos­sible only in two—syllable words.

2. dozores - the second letter "o" should be dropped in reading, thus dozres.

3. brimclifu blican - accusative with the in­finitive construction.

Seminar No 4.

MIDDLE ENGLISH PHONETICS AND ORTHOGRAPHY.

1. Middle English alphabet.

2. Changes in vowel phonemes.

3. Changes in consonant phonemes.

4. Changes in the spelling system.

5. Types of Middle English Literary Documents.

Original ME text:

FROM CHAUCER'S PROLOGUE TO THE CANTERBURY TALES.

(East Midland dialect, ab 1387 – 1400)

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London about 1340. At seventeen Chaucer was a court page, two years later he became a soldier, took part in the campaigns of Artois and Picardy. He held various positions at court in the king's service when he rose to the rank of Esquire was sent on diplomatic mission to France, Flanders and Italy.

In 1386 he was returned to Parliament as a knight of the shire of Kent. He died in 1400. His life was active and his employments different. He mingled and had dealings with different people. Nothing is known of the poet's formal studies, but he had a good deal of knowledge of bookkeeping, civil law, philosophy and astronomy, he handled French, Italian and Latin competently. It is hardly possible to exaggerate the part he played as creator of English versification. The alliterative verse, still practised in English, had little attraction for Chaucer and he turned to the more refine and gracious poetry of France. He used a new line in verse, unknown to England before. Although Chaucer's culture was French, like that of all English gentlemen of the fourteenth century, and he translated from French and borrowed generosity from Italian, he did not allow himself to be tempted either by Latin or by French. He wrote in his own London dialect, which was rapidly growing into a standard language. However, he used a few words in his poems, which show the development of South – Eastern rather than East Midland dialects (e < OE y). This is most probably due to his early connections with Kent. In Chaucer's age the English language was still divided by dialects. Each had its own literature, but the dialect of East Midlands was perhaps the poorest, the most completely disinherited of literature. Thus when Chaucer began to write in London English he found it very poor and left it so rich that English poetry had but very little to add to it. He expressed in English the poetic beauty which he felt in the best French verses.

Chaucer's masterpiece is the Canterbury Tales designed about 1387. It is an unfinished collection of stories told by the pilgrims on their way to Canterbury. The main Prologue is especially interesting for it presents a vivid picture of contemporary life and describes the company. A party of twenty-nine pilgrims is assembled at the Tabard Inn in Southward. They are about to travel to Canterbury. Chaucer draws a striking portrait of each of them. The knight, the parson, the prioress and all the rest are drawn in a few perfect lines. To shorten their way the pilgrims agree to tell stories. Their tales are admirable, the poet uses the tales to characterize the tellers. The persons are varied, chosen from all walks of life. The group is a picture in miniature of England of the fourteenth century.

THE CONTERBURY TALES

1. Whan that Ap^rill with his³ shoures soote¹

The droughte¹ of March hath perced to the roote,

And bathed every veyne in swich licour²,

Of which vertu² engendred is the flour,

5. Whan Zephirus⁴ eek with his swete breeth

Inspired hath in every holt and he eth

the tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne⁶

hath in the Ram⁵ his halve cours y – ronne

And smale foweles maken melodye.

10. That slepen al the nyght with open ye

- So priketh hem nature in here corages –

thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,

And palmers for to seken strauge strondes⁷,

to ferne halwes⁸, couthe in sundry londes;

15. And specially, from every shires ende

of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende.

The hooly, blisful martir¹⁰ for to seke.

that hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke;

Bifil that in that season on a day.

Modernized Version

1. When in April the sweet flowers fall

And pierce the drought of March to the root, and all

The veins are bathed in liquor of such power

As brings about the engendering of the flower,

5. When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath

Exhales an air in every grove and heath

Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun

His half – course in the sign of the Ram has run,

And the small fowl are making melody

10. That sleep away the night with open eye

(So nature picks them and their heart engages)

Then people long to go on pilgrimages

And palmers long to seek the stranger strands

Of far – off saints, hallowed in sundry lands,

15. And specially, from every shire's end

In England, down to Canterbury they wend

To seek the holy blissful martyr, quick

To give his help to them when they were sick.

It happened in that season that one day.

Comments

1. In speech the final – e was dead or dying in Chaucer's time, but it continued to be used in verse. Hence in reading Chaucer's verse you have to pronounce many of the final – e sounds of words, but not all. The final – e is not pronounced if it occurs before a vowel or before an "h". It is often dropped after an unstressed syllable and in two – syllable unstressed words (were – wer, hire – hir). Otherwise the final – e usually pronounced. In the following passage we have marked all the cases where to our opinion – e should be dropped:

With hym ther was his sone, a yong Squier.

A lovyere, and a lusty bacheler.

With lokkes cruller, as they were leyd in presse.

2. When the French words were first borrowed into English they retained a French pronunciation but gradually they were adopted to the English speech habits. The words of more than two or three syllables kept their original stress longer. In Chaucer's poetry the pronunciation of such fluctuates, they may be stressed one way or the other. Here is the pronunciation of some French loanwords you meet in the text as they must have sounded in Chaucer's days: licour [li-kúr], nature [natiúr], corages [kurá:djas], specially [śpeciali], seson [sezo].

3. his – neuter gender, modern English – its.

4. Zephirus – (Greek) the west wind known as the messenger of spring.

5. Ram – The Ram, or Aries, one of the zodiacal constellations, and the zodiacal sigh entered by the sun on 21 March.

6. The younger sonne – the sun runs one half course in the sign of the Ram in March, and the second half course in April.

7. Strange strondes – foreign lands.

8. Ferne halwes – distant shrines.

9. They wende – present plural of wendan, modern – they go.

10. The holy blisful martir – refers to Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. He opposed the king's measures against the privileges of the church and was slain in Canterbury by the king's knights. He met his death with splendid in his own cathedral. His shire became the most famous in Christendom. Thomas à Becket was canonized in 1173 and his festival is observed on 7 July.

Table of phonetic analysis.

Words as used in the text	O.E form	Notes, analysis	M.E form translation
1 shoures 2 bathed 3 sonne 4 foweles 5 nyght 6 seken 7 they 8 come 9 all 10 ryde 11. oure	scur baðode sunne fuzol night secan cumin eall rīdan ūre	shoures s < sk bathed |a| >|a:| in an open syllable sonner |u| replaced by |o| before the sticked letters foweles |u|+|u|=|u:| nyght |y^’t| > |i:| |i:| > |ai| (G.V.Sh.) seken |c| replaced they |θ| - initially come |u| replaced by |o| before sticked letters all |a| developed from |æa| due to the monophthongization of O.E diphthongs ryde, i replaced by y our ū replaced by ou	shower bath sun fowl night see they θ >ð come all ride our

Seminar No 5

NEW ENGLISH PERIOD.

FORMATION OF THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE.

1. Spreading of London dialect in the 15^th century.

2 .Phonetic Changes. Vowels (Changes):

*Great Vowel Shift *Influence of -“r” * Special cases [u:],[I:],[ :];

3. Phonetic Changes.Consonants:

* Development of [h] * Loss of [L] before [k,m,f,v] * [J] Merged with

* Preceding Consonant.

Practical task a. Analyze Prologue in accordance with the models.

No	ME	NE analyses, notes
1 3. 5 8 9 10 10. 10. 11. 12.	that |a:| bathed |a:| swete |e:| fowel |u:| nyght |i:| slepen |e:| al |al open |כֿ:| nature |na’tju:r| seken |e:|	that |a|>|æ| broadening bathed |a:|>|ei| G.V.Sh. sweet |e:|> | : | G.V.Sh. fowl |u: |>|au| night |i: |>|ai| sleep |ε: |>|e: |>|i: | |al|>|aul|>|o:l| G.V.Sh.. open |ou| G.V.Sh. nature |neit∫ | |tj|>|t | seek |e:|> |i:| G.V.Sh.

2. Give the historical background for the following variants.

verdue |υә:dju| – |’υә:d|

tissue |’ti∫u: | – |ti∫(j)u: |

vitue |υi'rtu: |–|υә:tju:|

BE |gla:s| AE |glæ:s’|

BE |ha:d| AE| |hard|

Seminar No 6

THE NOUN. THE EVOLUTION OF ITS MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM IN THE OLD ENGLISH, MIDDLE ENGLISH AND NEW ENGLISH PERIODS.

1. Old English Period. Nouns.

1. Preliminary remarks.

2. The Categories of OE nouns.

3. The Category of Declension:

a) Strong (vocalic) declension; peculiarities

b) Weak (consonant) declension; peculiarities

c) Root declension ; peculiarities

4. The System of Cases in OE period.

2. The most important changes in the system of nouns in ME period.

3. Case system of New English period.

Practical tasks: Decline the following OE nouns.

1) lar n.f.o.-teaching 7) mil n.f.o.-mile

2) hors n.n.a.-horse 8) wita n.m.n.-a wise man

3) scip n.n.a.-ship 9) eaze n.n.n.-eye

4) word n.n.a.-word 10) heorte n.n.n.-heart

5) hring n.m.a.-ring 11) maza n.m.n.-son, man

6) man n.m.cons 12)niht (n.f.cons.)-night

IV Prepositions .Grammatical and lexical meaning.

Seminar No 7

EVOLUTION OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE VERB IN OLD ENGLISH, MIDDLE ENGLISH AND EARLY NEW ENGLISH PERIODS.

1. Morphological categories of the verb

2. Strong verbs

3. Weak verbs

4. Miner group of O.E. verbs:

   1. preterite – present verbs

   2. suppletive verbs

   3. mixed verbs

5. Conjugation of O.E. verbs

Practical tasks: I.Make the morphological analysis of the O.E. verbs according to the following model:

S.	Word from the text	Analysis	N.E.
1. 2. 3. 4. 8.	sæde būde sie fandian læze bēaz	3^rd p.sn., Past. Ind., inf. seczan, 3w. 3^rd p.sn., Past. Ind., inf. būan, mix 3^rd p.sg., Pres. Sub., inf. beon, sup inf; 1w 3^rd p.sng., Pres. Indef., inf. liezan, 5str.	said stayed, dwelled is (was) search out, try lay

II. Give 4 main forms of the following OE verbs:

Risan (sv.I), drosan(sv.II), settan(wv-I), bidan(sv-I), freosan(sv-II),

sprengan(wv-I),glidan (sv-I),drepan (sv-II),wundrian(wv-II),

writan (sv-I),winnan(sv-III),wician (wv-I), scinan(sv-I),metan(sv-V)

Seminar No 8

EVOLUTION OF THE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN OLD ENGLISH, MIDDLE ENGLISH AND NEW ENGLISH PERIODS.

1. Declension of O.E. Personal Pronouns.

2. Declension of O.E. Demonstrative Pronouns.

3. Declension of O.E. Possessive Pronouns.

4. O.E. interrogative Pronouns.

5. M.E. Pronouns.

6. O.E. Adjectives. Degree of Comparison, in O.E. and M.E.

Practical task : Analyze O.E. text paying attention to nominal parts of speech: nouns, pronouns and adjectives. Model of the analysis:

Words as used In the text	Notes, analysis	NE correspondence or translation
his	Pron., personal, Gen. of he,	His
hlaford	3d. p., sing., m. (or pose case) noun, Dat., S., of hlaford, a-stem	lord
cyning	Noun, Dat., S., of cyning	king
pæm	Pron., dem., S., Dat.	the
lande	Noun, a-stem, Dat., S.	land
ealra	Pron., indef., Gen. pl.	all
Northmonna	Noun, root d., Gen. pl.	Northman
westsæ	N., prop., Acc., S. of westsæ, i-stem	West sea (the Atlantic Ocean)
land	Adj., nom., S., str.	long