Завдання:

1,Письмово перекласти текст на українську мову.Зверніть увагу на переклад абревіатур

Tips for Living in Oxford

Each year the Oxford Police Department produces an informational brochure on some of the laws in Oxford that are considered core “quality of life” issues as well as general information about policing in Oxford.

OPD has divided the City of Oxford into five districts, and a team of officers are assigned to each district. Though all officers patrol the Oxford area in general, the district teams allow residents to meet specific officers to discuss issues, concerns, and problems, and work with those same officers to find solutions. District teams will be knocking on doors within their area over the next month, shaking hands, introducing themselves, and opening avenues of communication with Oxford Residents. The Tips sheet is one of the items they will be handing out.

The Tips sheet does not cover every issue and problem encountered in Oxford when working toward a better quality of life. It does contain some of the most frequently asked questions regarding certain issues in Oxford, such as litter, noise, and community oriented policing. Over the coming months, the newsletter and the website will offer information regarding issues and problems that come to our attention. Tips sheets will also be utilized to address season-specific information, as this one addresses general issues that face our community each fall.

Please take a moment to open the PDF file found below, TIPS FOR LIVING. If you have difficulty accessing it and would like a hard copy or if you need further information on these issues or other concerns, please contact Amy Gabbard at 524-5247 or email Amy Gabbard.

Форма контролю: письмовий переклад

Література: за загальним списком

Додаток1 A Brief History of the English Language

The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are Scots and Frisian. Frisian is a language spoken by approximately half a million people in the Dutch province of Friesland, in nearby areas of Germany, and on a few islands in the North Sea. The history of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods: Old English (450-1100 AD), Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD) and Modern English (since 1500). Over the centuries, the English language has been influenced by a number of other languages. Old English (450 - 1100 AD): During the 5th Century AD three Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany as well as Denmark. These tribes were warlike and pushed out most of the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants from England into Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall. One group migrated to the Brittany Coast of France where their descendants still speak the Celtic Language of Breton today. Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixed their different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms what linguists refer to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. The word "English" was in Old English "Englisc", and that comes from the name of the Angles. The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin. Before the Saxons the language spoken in what is now England was a mixture of Latin and various Celtic languages which were spoken before the Romans came to Britain (54-5BC). The Romans brought Latin to Britain, which was part of the Roman Empire for over 400 years. Many of the words passed on from this era are those coined by Roman merchants and soldiers. These include win (wine), candel (candle), belt (belt), weall (wall). ("Language Timeline", The British Library Board) The influence of Celtic upon Old English was slight. In fact, very few Celtic words have lived on in the English language. But many of place and river names have Celtic origins: Kent, York, Dover, Cumberland, Thames, Avon, Trent, Severn. The arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the introduction of Christianity into Saxon England brought more Latin words into the English language. They were mostly concerned with the naming of Church dignitaries, ceremonies, etc. Some, such as church, bishop, baptism, monk, eucharist and presbyter came indirectly through Latin from the Greek. Around 878 AD Danes and Norsemen, also called Vikings, invaded the country and English got many Norse words into the language, particularly in the north of England. The Vikings, being Scandinavian, spoke a language (Old Norse) which, in origin at least, was just as Germanic as Old English. Words derived from Norse include: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye), husband, fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them. ("The Origin and History of the English Language", Kryss Katsiavriades) Several written works have survived from the Old English period. The most famous is a heroic epic poem called "Beowulf". It is the oldest known English poem and it is notable for its length - 3,183 lines. Experts say "Beowulf" was written in Britain more than one thousand years ago. The name of the person who wrote it is unknown. Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD): After William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England in 1066 AD with his armies and became king, he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new government. The Old French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture. Latin was mostly used for written language, especially that of the Church. Meanwhile, The English language, as the language of the now lower class, was considered a vulgar tongue. By about 1200, England and France had split. English changed a lot, because it was mostly being spoken instead of written for about 300 years. The use of Old English came back, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. Most of the words embedded in the English vocabulary are words of power, such as crown, castle, court, parliament, army, mansion, gown, beauty, banquet, art, poet, romance, duke, servant, peasant, traitor and governor. ("Language Timeline", The British Library Board) Because the English underclass cooked for the Norman upper class, the words for most domestic animals are English (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) while the words for the meats derived from them are French (beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison). ("The Origin and History of the English Language", Kryss Katsiavriades) The Middle English is also characterized for the beginning of the Great Vowel Shift. It was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift occurred during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. The most famous example of Middle English is Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales", a collection of stories about a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury, England. The portraits that he paints in his Tales give us an idea of what life was like in fourteenth century England. Modern English (1500 to the present): Modern English developed after William Caxton established his printing press at Westminster Abbey in 1476. Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany around 1450, but Caxton set up England's first press. The Bible and some valuable manuscripts were printed. The invention of the printing press made books available to more people. The books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. By the time of Shakespeare's writings (1592-1616), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English. There were three big developments in the world at the beginning of Modern English period: the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the British Colonialism. It was during the English Renaissance that most of the words from Greek and Latin entered English. This period in English cultural history (early 16th century to the early 17th century) is sometimes referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era", taking the name of the English Renaissance's most famous author and most important monarch, respectively. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I there was an explosion of culture in the form of support of the arts, popularization of the printing press, and massive amounts of sea travel. England began the Industrial Revolution (18th century) and this had also an effect on the development of the language as new words had to be invented or existing ones modified to cope with the rapid changes in technology. New technical words were added to the vocabulary as inventors designed various products and machinery. These words were named after the inventor or given the name of their choice (trains, engine, pulleys, combustion, electricity, telephone, telegraph, camera etc). Britain was an Empire for 200 years between the 18th and 20th centuries and English language continued to change as the British Empire moved across the world - to the USA, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia and Africa. They sent people to settle and live in their conquered places and as settlers interacted with natives, new words were added to the English vocabulary. For example, 'kangaroo' and 'boomerang' are native Australian Aborigine words, 'juggernaut' and 'turban' came from India. (See more borrowings from different languages.) English continues to change and develop, with hundreds of new words arriving every year. But even with all the borrowings from many other languages the heart of the English language remains the Anglo-Saxon of Old English. The grammar of English is also distinctly Germanic - three genders (he, she and it) and a simple set of verb tenses.

Додаток 2 London

L ondon is the capital city of the United Kingdom and Europe’s largest city with an area of 620 square miles. Its history spans nearly 2,000 years, beginning with the arrival of the Romans soon after their invasion of Britain in AD43. London is located in southeast England, on both sides of the Thames River. It offers many exciting attractions, fascinating museums, great galleries, clubs, pubs and restaurants, cinemas, opera and ballet. London is a bustling, growing and diverse metropolis with a population of 7.5 million people.

Today the Greater London administrative area comprises the City of London and 32 London boroughs including the City of Westminster. The City of London, also known as the "square mile", is the historical center of London. It is built on the site of a Roman outpost named Londinium. For a thousand years the City has been an important force in England history. Today this area is one of the world's leading financial centers. The permanent residential population of the City is now less than 6000, but about 350,000 commute here daily to work. The wealth and the power of the City comes from banking, insurance and selling of stocks.

London has been built up gradually in the course of many centuries. It was ruled over by the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons, the Danes and the Normans. They each added something to English life.

When London was rebuilt after the Great Fire of 1666 the City authorities rejected the plans of Christopher Wren (1632-1723) for a new city of squares and wide streets. They retained the medieval street plan and so prepared the way for London’s traffic jams, which were serious even in the days of horse buses. Wren did, however design 52 City churches and London’s Cathedral, St. Paul’s. The great globe of St. Paul's Cathedral glows golden in the fading sunlight as it has since the 17th century, still majestic amid the towers of glass and steel that hem it in.

The Great Fire did not reach the east of the City where William the Conqueror (1027-1087) has built a castle to protect and control London. The castle with the Tower was just outside the walls of the city of the time. Standing beside the river Thames, it formed a valuable defensive point. The massive pile has been at one time or another a citadel, palace, prison, mint, treasury, armoury, observatory and even menagerie. For many years it was the safest stronghold in the country. Kings imprisonment their enemies there and the gray stones of the Tower could tell terrible stories. Nowadays the Tower is a museum and a treasury where the English crown jewels are kept.

The river Thames has a length of 346 kilometres (215 miles) and it is the longest and most important waterway in England. This natural highway connects London with the North Sea. The river is easily navigable and so London has historically been a major port. Until 1749, there was only one bridge across the river: London Bridge. The old London Bridge looked very strange. There were houses and shops on the bridge. Now there are more than twenty bridges over the Thames in London.

Less than a mile upstream from the City is Westminster, which has been the seat of government for nine hundred years. Here the medieval kings and their palace and to it they summoned, about 700 years ago, the first parliaments.

Standing on the site of the old royal palace of Westminster, the House of Parliament is a very large and majestic building, a fine example of 19th century Gothic architecture in Britain. It stands on the left bank of the river Thames and it stretches for about 100 feet.

The Clock Tower of the House of Parliament faces Westminster Bridge. It is nearly 100 meters high. The clock was named after Sir Benjamin Hall, a minister under whose direction it was made. People are allowed to go inside the Clock Tower, if they wish, to see the mechanism of Big Ben. The faces of the clock are very large. The minute hand is 14 feet long, the hour hand is 9 feet and the figures are two feet long. The Great Bell has four little Bens round it. Big Ben strikes only once an hour, but the other four tell the quarter and half-hours. At the side of Big Ben there is a huge hammer weighing over 200 kilograms.

Across the road is Westminster Abbey. The resting place of the royals, Westminster Abbey is one of the most visited churches in the Christian world. Since 1066, when William the Conqueror was crowned there, the Abbey has been the traditional setting for the coronation of British kings and queens and for Royal weddings too. There are countless things to see in the Abbey: the exquisite fan vaulting of the Henry VII Chapel, the tombs and monuments of famous men and women, the life-size effigies of kings and queens. Here is Poet’s Corner where many of the greatest British writers are buried – Chaucer and Dickens, Tennyson and Hardy. Here are monuments to Shakespeare, Burns, Scott, Thackeray, and Longfellow. Here is the Coronation Chair, which contains the Stone of Scone on which Scottish kings were once crowned.

Trafalgar Square was laid out in 1829 to 1841 to commemorate Nelson's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Dominating the square, on a column that is 185 feet high, is the 17 foot high statue of Nelson himself. Around the base of the column are the four giant bronze lions by Landseer. Around the sides of the square are the church of St Martin's in the Fields and the National Gallery which houses one of the world's richest collections of paintings

Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the Queen, stands in the heart of London between St. James’ Park and Green Park. The ceremony of the changing of the Guards takes place at 11.30 a.m., lasting 40 minutes inside the palace railings. A show of pageantry is the most famous of London's regular events.

The University of London is not so famous or so ancient as Oxford and Cambridge Universities, but is, in fact, much larger than either of them. It is made up of a number of colleges, schools, and attached institutes, which range from the London School of Economics and Political Science to King's College and several medical schools. The University of London has an outstanding international reputation founded on the quality of its teaching and research.

Not far from the University is the British Museum. Here is a place that is a veritable treasure house - a repository of some of the most priceless historical relics to be found upon the earth. It contains, for instance, the famous Papyrus Manuscript of Thotmes II of the first Egyptian dynasty--a thing known to scholars all over the world as the oldest extant specimen of what can be called writing.

The traffic in London, as in all big cities, is very heavy. Many English people use double-decker buses but most people prefer the Underground or the Tube. London was the first city in the world to have an underground railway.

Додаток 3

Complete the sentences by choosing from the words below each sentence to fill in the gaps. The first has been done for you.

1. The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling forms and keeping statistics are …

a) clerks; b) accountants; c) supervisors.

2. The employees who sell company’s products are the sales representatives, usually known as...

a) vendors; b) renters; c) reps.

3. The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of finished goods or components to be made into goods, are the...

a) choosers; b) procurers; c) buyers.

4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the...

a) packers; b) quality controllers; c) financial staff.

5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or other documents, are...

a) secretaries; b) editors; c) copywriters.

6. The employees who check a company’s financial affairs are the...

a) statisticians; b) accountants; c) counters.

7. The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and payslips are the ...

a) wages clerks; b) filing clerks; c) paying clerks.

8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer...

a) hackers; b) operators; c) screeners.

9. The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the...

a) manager; b) president; c) receptionist.

10. The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the

a) PC operators; b) telex operators; c) switchboard operators.

Додаток 4

BUSINESS LETTERS

Letter writing is an essential part of business communication. A letter should always accompany a cheque, a contract or any other business paper sent by mail. The letter says what is being sent, so that the recipient should know exactly what you intended to send. There exist traditional structures of business letters generally accepted and used throughout the world. A well-composed letter will make a better impression on the reader. Thus good letters make good business partners.

The letters may be subdivided into such groups as: enquiries, offers, orders, refusals, acknoledgements, quotations, letters of complaint/claim, etc.

The firms, as a rule, have forms for the letters printed on good paper. The form should have the name of the firm, its address, and also the character of the business of the firm.

Five C’s for Business Letter Writing

* Clearness: Avoid business jargon, use simple, direct language.

* Completeness: Include all necessary information within the letter. Assume that the readers do not know all the facts. Make it easy for the readers to understand your situation.

* Conciseness: Be specific. Say what you mean clearly. Don’t be vague or confusing.

* Correctness: Always proofread and edit your letters.

* Courteousness: Use proper salutations, avoid phrases that scold or annoy, end on a friendly note.

Business Letter Layout

Letterhead: Name of the company/Field of activities/Logo

Sender’s address: No. of building, Street, City, State, post/zip code, Country

Telephone/Fax/E-mail

Addressee’s name/Job title/Company name and address

(For the attention of …)

Your ref:

Our ref:

Date

Salutation: (Dear Mr/Ms Hill)

Re:

Body of the letter:

1. Opening paragraph

2. Main part

3. Closing paragraph

Parting

Signature

(For/p.p. Sender’s name)

(JP/rs)

Enc. (Enclosure)

c.c. (Copies)

Task 1. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What is the purpose of a business letter today?

2. Is there any difference between the layout of an application letter and a business letter?

3. What does the letterhead of a business letter consist of?

4. Why is the month in the date not recommended to write in figures?

5. What salutation is the most frequent in business letters at present?

6. What is the purpose of using “Re” in business letters?

7. What information is enclosed in the body of a business letter?

8. Whose initials are written at the bottom of the letter?

9. What does the abbreviation “c.c.” mean in business letter writing: a) carbon copy; b) current cost; c) copies to?

Task 2. What types of business letters do the following abstracts belong to?

1. I am, today, sending you some of our brochures, in a separate package. With these, I have included details of our new pocket portable telephone, which you may be interested in.

2. Further to our telephone discussion on Thursday, I am delighted to tell you that we are now able to reduce the price of our computers by 10%.

3. Unfortunately, we have not received the filing cabinets which were a part of the order. We would be grateful if you could deliver these as soon as possible or refund our money.

4. We would like to book 25 places on Sun Express Holiday No.5210, depart 14th July.

5. Payment on the above order is now overdue. We would be grateful if you could send us your check without delay.

6. Our company is considering leasing 12 automobiles rather than buying them outright. Because it is important for us to present a favorable (and prosperous) image to our clients, we are interested in luxury cars only.

Task 3. State where the following word-combinations are used: at the beginning of a letter (B), end (E) or both (BE).

a) feel free to contact	i) this is to inform you
b) please don't hesitate	j) as you may recall
c) in response to	k) as soon as possible
d) once again	1) in accordance with
e) get in touch	m) further to
f) at your earliest convenience	n) thank you for
g) effective June 15	o) would be appreciated
h) may be able to help you	p) I enclose

Додаток 5

LETTER of INQUIRY.

Business transactions usually start with inquiries. As a rule, the prospective buyer gets the name and address of the prospective seller either at an exhibition, from an advertisement in a newspaper, magazine or thanks to a television or radio commercial. All these channels of information and advertising are very important.

Inquiries can be sent by mail, by telex or by fax. Sometimes inquiries can be made orally, by telephone.

In the inquiries the prospective buyer states in what goods exactly he is interested and asks for details on the price and terms of sale, availability of goods, delivery dates, terms and discounts, method of transportation, insurance, catalogues and samples of goods.

Sample of an Inquiry

Sanders & Lowe Ltd.

Import and Export (London Office)

Planter House, Princes Street, London EC17DQ

Telephone: [phone] Fax: [phone] Telex: 341641

Sales Manager, Glaston Potteries Ltd.

Clayfield, Burntey BB10 1RQ, England

Your ref.:

Our ref.: 180/MB

Date: 7 June, 2004

Dear Sir or Madam,

We are writing to you on behalf of our principals in Canada who are interested in importing chinaware from England. We saw your products at the International Potteries Exhibition in London in May and were deeply impressed with them.

Could you send us your latest catalogue and price-list, quoting your most competitive prices? We would also appreciate your sending samples of the products.

Our principals are a large chain store in North America and they will probably place a substantial order if the quality and prices of your products are suitable. As you know the demand for potteries of all types in Canada and the USA is really great.

We look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours faithfully,

L.W. Low

Practice

Task 1. Write your own letter of inquiry. Use the words and еxpressions listed below:

We would like to represent your products in the Ukrainian market

Please send us samples of ... (your catalogues, leaflets, etc.)

We read your advertisement in...

With regard to your advertisement in ... of ...we would ask you ...

We have heard of your products from ...

We have seen your current catalogue showing.

We are interested in buying (importing, etc.)

Please inform us (let us know) as soon as possible

Would you please inform us if it is possible to deliver...?

Please let us know what quantities you are able to deliver till...

We would ask you to let us have a quotation. We read your advertisement in...

With regard to your advertisement in ... of ...we would ask you ...

We have heard of your products from ...

We have seen your current catalogue showing.

We are interested in buying (importing, etc.)

Please inform us (let us know) as soon as possible

Would you please inform us if it is possible to deliver...?

Please let us know what quantities you are able to deliver till...

We would ask you to let us have a quotation for…

Would you kindly quote your prices and terms of delivery (terms of payment, etc.) for ...

We would like to represent your products in the Ukrainian market

Please send us samples of ... (your catalogues, leaflets, etc.)

Would you kindly quote your prices and terms of delivery (terms of payment, etc.) for ...

We would like to have further details about...

We are distributors (importers, retailers, etc.) of...

We would like to get in touch with manufacturers (suppliers, sellers, etc.) of...

There is a large market here for yow products

For over ... years our company has imported from western countries ...

Our company was founded in...

We usually effect payment by letter of credit (cheque, bank transfer, etc.).

If your prices are competitive (the samples meet the standards, your equipment complies with our requirements, etc.) we may be able to let your have regular orders.

We look forward to your early reply.

Task 2. Choose the correct word from listed below to complete the passage. The first one has boon done for you.

advertisements, exhibitions, trade, copy-writer, set up, Commerce, promotion, market, price sensitivity, copy, Marketing, controls, designer, media, budget, trade magazines.

(1) ______ & and (2) ______ involve letting potential customers know about a new product both before it is made and after it becomes available for sale. (3) ______ in the local and national press and (4) ______ in areas where there is likely to be a good market are among the ways in which this is done; the choice of (5) ______ -magazines, newspapers, radio and TV – for the advertisements and of locations for exhibitions is made as a result of thorough (6) ______ research, so that money (all marketing departments have tightly controlled (7) ______ is spent where it is most likely to produce results. The advertising (8) ______ usually provided by a specialist (9) ______ and set out by a (10) ______ to have the most impact, is probably the most common form of promotion, although the way in which stands are (11) ______ at exhibitions is also extremely important. “News” items leaked to (12) ______ are also important – and they are free! (13) ______ Associations and Chambers of (14) ______ can provide advice about the size of markets, their location, and also about such things as (l5) ______ and import (16) ______ in specific areas.

Додаток 6

STORES and CONSUMERS.

Stores. Conventional stores are often more or less specialized in selling some specific kind of merchandise, for instance, all types of sportswear, play things for children, special kinds of foodstuffs, etc. All the luxury stores – the famous Tiffany (jewelry), Versacci (high fashion clothing), etc. or ordinary specialized stores – a variety of antique and collectible stores, as well as book stores or stores selling videos, CD's, cassettes, CD-ROM's, and accessories for computers. All of them are trading in goods destined only for some strata of the population (interested in such specific merchandise), but not for the general public. Even some food stores can be included into such category – such as specialty stores selling mainly national food or strong drinks.

Supermarkets sell food and basic everyday necessities. A supermarket is a large self-service store selling a great variety of food and household goods displayed on open shelves. A customer having easy access to all the shelves chooses himself the articles to be bought and pays for them at one of the check­outs at the exit. A customer takes a cart (Am.) or a trolley (Br.) on entering the supermarket which is the generally accepted code of “supermarket behaviour”. All the articles in self-service stores have special tags that activate the alarm sound if a customer attempts to leave the premises without paying. In most foreign supermarkets a conveyor belt starts about four or five metres from the check-out. A customer is supposed to put all his purchases out of the cart onto the belt. When the section of the belt with a customer's purchases approaches the cashier, she first enters the price of every article into the till, then packs the articles into plastic or paper bags and puts filled bags into the cart. Upon that a customer is expected to pay.

Malls are quite specific shopping centres where all kinds of manufactured consumer goods can be bought such as clothes, shoes, underwear, leather goods, kitchen utensils, cosmetics, perfumes, jewelry, cameras, cassette recorders, CD’s etc. A mall is a collection of dozens of stores in one place, a kind of a trading city. The stores are relatively autonomous and may belong to different manufacturers, firms or trading companies. It is not only a place of trade but a place of entertainment as well. There are a lot of restaurants, bars, cafes, kiosks, stands and a lot of places to eat and to relax, such as performances, pop singers, comedians, and so on. The original meaning of the word “mall” is public walk. Malls are multi-storeyed structures with elevators and escalators leading from floor to floor and open galleries surrounding each of the upper floors. They are as a rule very beautifully decorated inside – with fountains and trees, different forms of applied arts. Though the greater part of all the malls are luxurious multi-storeyed buildings, one can meet more modest ones. They are usually constructed as a very long one-storeyed building in a form of rectangular with a roofed gallery and the open space in the centre of it.

Marts are small stores selling a variety of goods. They are self-service stores where a customer can buy food and drinks and all kinds of trifles (e.g., films for cameras, magazines and papers to read, sunglasses, etc.) Arts and crafts marts are engaged in selling objects of arts and folk crafts too.

Wal-Marts, the full name is Wal-Mart Discount City, the first of them was opened in 1962 in Arkansas by Sam Walton. A Wal-Mart has everything a mall has – all kinds of stores selling all imaginable kinds of manufactured consumer goods and many opportunities for customers to relax and have a fun. It also has everything a supermarket has – selling all kinds of food and houseware collected under one roof. The idea of Wal-Marts is creating one-stop shopping environment. The result was the creation of a shopping centre of enormous size and proportions. It is a gigantic one-storeyed structure with dozens of entrances and exits. It is really a trading city, that's why Wal-Marts are built beyond the town limits. And it is really a discount trading city because no other kinds of stores can afford such discounts.

Consumer Rights. In their role as consumers, ordinary EU citizens are key players in the Union's new frontier-free single market. The Union has in fact incorporated as the basis of its consumer policy, the protection of the five fundamental rights which lie at the heart of national policies. These are:

1. The protection of consumers' health and safety. Only products which will not endanger health or safety may be put on the market. This means setting safety requirements, providing full information about potential risks, and protecting consumers against physi­cal injury.

2. The protection of consumers’ economic interests.

There is, for example, a general ban on misleading advertising and unfair terms in contracts with consumers.

3. Consumer rights to information and education.

Consumers must be put in a position where they can make an informed choice among goods and services offered. This includes objective information on the features and price of the items available. Consumers also require proper information about their efficient and safe use.

4. The right to redress.

Consumers have the right to receive advice and help when seeking redress for faulty products or for injury or damage resulting from the use of goods and services. There need to be simple, affordable and rapid procedures for settling complaints and claims.

5. Consumer representation and participation.

Representatives of consumers need to be present in decision-taking procedures on issues of concern to them at local, national or EU level. At Union level, this covers not only specific consumer issues but also other relevant policy areas like food laws, transport, competition policy, financial services, environment and the like.

When the Community (the former name of European Union) adopted its first consumer programme in 1973, it focused on the practical application of the five principles. As a first result, a number of directives were adopted over the next 10 years covering among other things the safety of cosmetic products, the labelling of foodstuff, misleading advertising, consumer rights in door-step selling, product liability and the provision of consumer credit.

In addition to its programme of legislation on consumer protection, the Union took steps to make sure the interests of consumers are taken into account at local and EU level. It has supported the development of national consumer organizations and of five major EU-wide organizations with consumer interests. These are: the European Consumer’s Organization (BEUC), the Confederation of Family Organizations in the European Union (Coface), the European Community of Consumer Cooperatives (Eurocoop), the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), and the European Interregional Institute for Consumer Affairs (EIICA).

Internally, the European Commission created an independent Consumer Policy Service in 1989 in order to give more authority and a higher profile to the implementation of consumer policy.

Task 1. Learn the following words and word-combinations:

conventional – звичайний;

merchandise – товари;

antique storе – антикварний магазин;

collectible store – магазин колекцій;

accessories pl [ek'seseriz] – обладнання;

strata ['stra:ta] – прошарки (суспільства);

specialty – спеціальний асортимент;

everyday necessities – предмети нагальної потреби;

article – товар, вироб;

check-out – контрольно-касовий пункт

tag – ярлик, бірка

cashier – касир

till – касовий апарат

mall Am. – торгове містечко

kitchen utensils – кухонна утварь

mart Am. – невеликий магазин

Wal-Mart Am. – торгове містечко с багатьма магазинами.

Task 2. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What articles are sold in conventional stores?

2. What is a distinguished feature of supermarkets?

3. What kind of stores are malls?

4. What is the analogue of a mart in your country?

5. Is any difference between Wal-Marts and malls?

6. What kinds of stores described in the text are there in your country?

7. What rights do the consumers enjoy in the EU?

8. When was the first EU consumer programme adopted?

9. What EU-wide organizations protect the interests of consumers?

10. What service was created in 1989 and why?

Task 3. Answer the questionnaire by putting “yes” or “no” at each point. Then read the comments below:

Questionnaire

Are You a Skilled Buyer?

As a consumer you enjoy many privileges. You can buy a wide variety of products in a wide variety of stores. However, as a consumer you also have certain responsibilities. Reading labels, returning goods of poor quality, keeping records of your purchases, and paying bills promptly are among them. By accepting these responsibilities, you will be more pleased with what you buy.

1. Do you take your time about buying?

2. Do you shop at sales?

3. Do you avoid impulse buying?

4. Do you look carefully at what you buy?

5. Do you study labels?

6. Do you compare prices and services?

If you have put “yes” at five points except the 2nd, you proved to be a skilled buyer.

Додаток 7

LETTER of ORDER.

To place an order for some goods it is necessary to fill in an order form stating the quantity of articles with their description, price, terms of payment, date of delivery, discounts, etc.

When it is necessary to make certain points quite clear a cover letter is prepared to accompany the order form.

The Seller or Supplier sends an order acknowledgement or confirmation in case he can fulfil it or a refusal if he cannot.

Sample of a Letter of Order

WISTERIA LTD.

164 Victoria St., Newbay, Ches., J23 4FG England

Tel. [phone] Fax [phone]

Men’s Clothes Dealers Ltd.

142 South Road Sheffield S20 4HL England

Yor ref. BV4397

Our ref. DFS3297

21st March, 2007

Dear Sirs,

Our Order for Silk Shirts

In response to your letter of 17th March, we thank you for sending us your catalogues of men's silk shirts. We are sure there will be a great demand for them in Ukraine.

We are enclosing our Order No.144, and would ask you to return its duplicate to us, duly signed and sealed, as an acknowledgement.

Yours faithfully,

Vladimir Smarton

Export-Import Manager

Enc.Order No.144

ORDER №144

(please refer to this number on all correspondence)

Men’s Clothes Dealers Ltd.

142 South Road Sheffield S20 4HL England

21th March, 1997

Please supply 400 men's silk shirts in the colours and sizes (collar) specified below:

Size Colour Quantity

14 white 70

14 blue 30

15 white 70

15 blue 30

16 white 70

16 blue 30

17 white 70

17 blue 30

Price: $10.53 each (total — $4212)

Delivery; air freight, CIF Kiev

Payment: by letter of credit

Packing: standard

Alex Wincot

Purchase Manager

Wisteria Ltd.

Please send us the copy of this order, duly signed and sealed, as an acknowledgement.

Practice

Task 1. Write your own letter of order for 200 men`s suits, 60.7 pounds of sterling apiece, in black, grey and blue colours, payed for by a letter of credit, and delivered CIF Odessa. Use the word-expressions below:

In reply (response) to your letter (fax) of (dated) …

We enclose (are enclosing) our order for …

We accept your offer and have pleasure in placing an order with you for …

Please confirm that you can supply …

Please send the copy of this order to us, duly signed, as an acknowledgement.

Please supply/send us…

Task 2. Choose from the words below to complete the sentences.

net, market, loss, cash-flow, capital, sales, overheads, expenditure, gross, profit.

1. The forecast which predicts how much money will be gained by a business is called the ... forecast.

2. The forecast which predicts how much money will be lost by a business is called the ... forecast.

3. The forecast which predicts how much money will be received or spent by a business is the ... forecast.

4. The forecast which predicts where most sales will be made, and what their value will be, is the ... forecast

5. The forecast which predicts how much the company will sell is the ... forecast.

6. The forecast which predicts how much money will be spent by the company is the forecast of...

7. The Forecast which predicts how much money is needed to start up a business or to increase its wealth is the ... forecast.

8. The forecast which predicts how much money the company will earn before tax is paid is the ... profit forecast

9. The forecast which predicts how much money the company will earn after tax is paid is the ... profit forecast.

10. The forecast which predicts how much money the company will have to spend on salaries, heating and lighting, rent, etc., is the forecast of...

Додаток 8

LIST OF TERMS AND WORD-COMBINATIONS

1.

Sales manager

Export/import manager

Marketing manager

to conclude an agreement

to send a fax (~ a letter by fax)

to delay the delivery

to pay penalty

to open a letter of credit

Chief executive officer

an interview

Cover Letter

Resume

Curriculum vitae

a competitive company

to offer a job with

opening position, vacancy

2.

Аpplication for the position

situations vacant/wanted,appointments

a reference, Letter of Recommendation, Testimonial

an experimental period, term of probation

subordinate

superior

entrepreneur, undertaker, businessman

to discharge, fire, sack

deadline

to go on business

a return ticket

two-way or round-trip ticket

Arrivals

Departures

an open-date ticket

to pay cash

fax., fax machine

reference details

3.

Business correspondence

price-list

original contract

letter of credit

invoice

e-mail

to get through the customs (to clear ~)

to apply for a visa

to declare smt

to be liable to duty

to be duty free

Bill of lading

Bill of sale

Inquiry

Goods, wares, merchandise

Wholesale/retail

4.

Availability of goods

In stock/available from stock

Delivery dates

Terms and discounts

Method of Transportation

Insurance

Prices of goods, quotations

Samples of goods

Distributors

to effect payment by letter of credit (cheque, bank transfer)

to meet the standards

company, firm, corporation

to be on sale

Daughter company, subsidiary, affiliated company

Public Limited Company

Shareholder, stockholder

5.

Correspondent account

Draft Contract

Joint venture

to establish (run, close down) a business

Supplier /Buyer/ Seller/Consignee

Typical Contract

Packing

Transportation costs

Terms of delivery and payment

Range of goods, assortment of goods

Firm offer

to be valid till

Performance, technical characteristics

to outperform smth

Guarantee period

Додаток 9

ABBREVIATIONS USED in BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE.

А/С, АС, ас, С/А, са (account current) – поточний рахунок

а.f. (as follows) – як указано далі

a.m. I. (above mentioned) – вищезгаданий; 2. (ante meri-diem) – до полудня (див. Урок 1)

Appx (appendix) – додаток

Attn (attention) – до уваги (когось)

В/Е (bill of exchange) – перевідний вексель, трата

B/L (bill of lading) – коносамент

CEO (chief executive officer) – виконавчий директор

cf (compare) – порівняйте

CV (curriculum vitae) – коротка біографія

enc, encl (enclosed, enclosure) – вкладений, що додається, вкладення, додаток (до листа тощо)

ехс, excl. (except, excluding, exception, exclusion) – виключаючи, виключення

expn (expiration) – закінчення (терміну)

h.a. (hoc anno, лат.) – в поточному році

inv. (invoice) – рахунок-фактура

IOU (І owe you) – боргова розписка

l.a. (letter of advice) – авизо, повідомлення

L/A (letter of authority) – довіреність

L.C., L/C (letter of credit) – аккредитив

Ltd. (limited) – закрите акціонерне товариство c обмеженою відповідальністю

Ld. – акціонерне товариство c обмеженою відповідальністю

LOC (letter of commitment) – гарантійний лист

mdse (merchandise) – товари

р.а. (per annum, лат.) – на рік

Рlс, PLC (public limited company) – відкрите акціонерне товариство c обмеженою відповідальністю

р.р. (pages) – сторінки

рр, p.p. (per pro, лат.) – від імені і за дорученням

qv (quod vide) – дивись (там-то)

ret, rept (receipt) – розписка, квитанція

rе (regarding) – відносно

rеf. (reference) – посилання

shipt (shipment) – відгрузка, відправка

v., vs, vers. (versus) – против

VAT, V.A.T. (value-added tax) – ПДВ

v.s. (vide supra, лат.) – див. вище.

Додаток 10

DIFFERENCES IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH TERMS.

AE BE

administration government in power уряд (діючий)

blue-chip first-class першокласні

investments investments інвестиції

call loan short-term loan короткострокова позика

checking account current account поточний рахунок

claim letter letter of complaint лист-рекламація

collect on delivery cash on delivery сплата після доставки

common stock ordinary share звичайна акція

corporation law company law закон про компанії

express man carrier посильний

to fix a meeting to arrange а meeting призначати зустріч

freight not prepaid carriage forward без сплати за перевезення

freight prepaid carriage paid із сплатою за перевезення

freight train goods train товарний потяг

government bonds government securities державні цінні папери

in good shape in good condition в гарному стані

investment bank merchant bank инвестиційний банк

law business practice (law) процессуальне право

local taxes rates місцеві податки

to operate to run a business займатися бізнесом

operating costs running expenses поточні витрати

ordinance by-law постанова, указ

to pass up an offer to decline an offer відхиляти пропозицію

preferred stock preference share привілейована акція

president chairman президент (компанії)

right away immediately негайно

shipment consignment партія (товару)

stockholder shareholder акціонер

sturb counterfoil корінець (чека)

tag label етикетка

tender offer пропозиція

Додаток 11

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE NAMES OF COMPANIES.

COUNTRY Co TYPE ABBREVIATION MEANING

США Inc. Incorporated

Великобритания

відкрита Plc. Public Limited Company

Канада закрита Ltd. Limited

Франция відкрита S.A. Societe Anonyme Бельгия закрита Sarl Societe a responsabilite Limitee

Испания S.A. Sociedad Anonima Мексика

Бразилия S.A. Sociedade Anonima Португалия

Япония Ltd. Limited

Германия відкрита A.G. Aktiengesellschaft

Швейцария закрита GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschrankte Haftung

Нидерланды відкрита N.V. Naamloze Vennootschap

закрита B.V Besloten Vennootschap

Италия відкрита SpA Societa per Azioni

закрита Srl Societa a responsabilita limitata

Дания A/S Aktieselskab

Додаток 12 Oxford and Cambridge Universities

E ngland is famous for its educational institutes. There were many different kinds of schools in Medieval England and the English universities were one of the most significant creations. The students who attended either Oxford or Cambridge Universities set an intellectual standard that contrasted markedly with the norm of Medieval England. Today both Universities are internationally renowned centres for teaching and research, attracting students and scholars from all over the world.

The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford is one of the oldest and most highly revered Universities in Europe. It was the first university established in Britain. Oxford is situated about 57 miles (90 km) north-west of London in its own county of Oxfordshire. The city lies at the confluence of the Rivers Cherwell and Thames, or "Isis", as it is locally known, giving the opportunity to enjoy such pleasant pursuits as boating and punting, or a stroll along river banks. The story of Oxford is one of a war, plague, religious persecution, heroes and the emergence of one of the greatest Universities in the world. Known as the city of "Dreaming Spires," Oxford is dominated by the Medieval architecture of the University, and the exquisite gardens within.

According to legend Oxford University was founded by King Alfred the Great in 872 when he happened to meet some monks there and had a scholarly debate that lasted several days. A more realistic scenario is that it grew out of efforts begun by Alfred to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory.

Long after Alfred, during the late 11th or early 12th century, it is known that Oxford became a centre of learning for clerics, from which a school or university could have sprung or evolved. The university was given a boost in 1167 when, for political reasons, Henry II of England ordered all English students at Paris to return to England. Most of the returning students congregated at Oxford and the University began a period of rapid development. Oxford, like Cambridge, differs from many other universities in that there is no central university campus. Instead, the University consists of a large number of colleges and associated buildings, scattered throughout the city.

From the start there was friction between "town and gown". Most students took lodgings with local people, who soon realised that they could charge high prices and rents of the Academics. However it was a strain on the resources of the community to have to provide for the influx of people from elsewhere. In the 13th century, rioting between students and localpeople hastened the establishment of primitive halls of residence. These were succeeded by the first of Oxford's colleges or endowed houses whose architectural splendour, together with the University's libraries and museums, give the city its unique character.

The first college, University College, was founded in 1249 by William of Durham. Other notable colleges include All Souls (founded in 1438), Christ Church (founded in 1546) and Lady Margaret Hall (founded in 1878), which was the first women's college. Since 1974, all but one of Oxford's colleges have changed their statutes to admit both men and women. St Hilda's remains the only women's college, and the rest enroll both men and women.

Oxford early on became a centre for lively controversy, with scholars involved in religious and political disputes. John Wyclif, a 14th-century Master of Balliol, campaigned for a bible in the vernacular, against the wishes of the papacy. In 1530, Henry VIII forced the University to accept his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. During the Reformation in the 16th century, the Anglican churchmen Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley were tried for heresy and burnt at the stake in Oxford. During the Civil War, Oxford was selected as the Royalist capital. The King stayed at Christ Church, the Queen at Merton, and a passage was constructed to allow them to meet. Most of the citizens were violently anti-Royalist, but not the University.

Today Oxford University is comprised of thirty-nine colleges and six permanent private halls, founded between 1249 and 1996, whose architectural grandeur, together with that of the University's libraries and museums, gives the city its unique character. More than 130 nationalities are represented among a student population of over 18,000. A range of scholarships offer support for international students.Thirty colleges and all halls admit students for both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Seven other colleges are for graduates only; one has Fellows only, and one specializes in part-time and continuing education. Each college is practically autonomous with its own set of rules. There is central administration, providing services such as libraries, laboratories, lectures and examination.

There have been many famous people who have studied at Oxford Univeristy and they include John Locke, Adam Smith, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lewis Carroll, Oscar Wilde, J. R. Tolkien, Indira Gandhi, Baroness Margaret Thatcher, Bill Clinton, Rupert Murdoch, Rowan Atkinson (Mr Bean), and Hugh Grant. All in all, Oxford has produced four British and at least eight foreign kings, 47 Nobel prize-winners, 25 British Prime Ministers, 28 foreign presidents and prime ministers, seven saints, 86 archbishops, 18 cardinals, and one pope. Seven of the last eleven British Prime Ministers have been Oxford graduates.

Oxford's teaching and research is consistently in the top rank nationally and internationally, and is at the forefront of medical, scientific and technological achievement. Amongst the University's old members are many widely influential scientists. Contemporary scientists include Stephen Hawking, Richard Dawkins and Nobel prize-winner Anthony James Leggett, and Tim Berners Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web.

University of Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world (after Oxford). The start of the University is generally taken as 1209, when some masters and students arrived in Cambridge after fleeing from rioting in Oxford.

Cambridge is situated about 50 miles (80 km) north of London. The town of Cambridge originally took its name from the river on which it stood - the Granta. Through a convoluted process of evolution, the name 'Grontabricc' became 'Cambridge', and the river became the 'Cam'. The town is referred to in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales as 'Canterbridge'.

The university was basically established to study for religious purposes. The earliest teaching sessions of the University were carried out in churches or private houses. This was obviously unsatisfactory, and so the University authorities began to establish buildings for its own use. Some of these early 'schools' still exist on the site known, appropriately, as the 'Old Schools'. During the 14th and 15th Centuries, the University gradually gained its independence from the church, with the Chancellor taking on both religious and civil duties.

Cambridge University is composed of more than thirty constituent colleges, one of the most illustrious of which is Emmanuel College. This college was founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay, Chancellor of the Exchequer to Queen Elizabeth I. Many Emmanuel graduates, including John Harvard, were among those who settled in New England in the first half of the 17th century. The oldest building is in St John's College but the oldest college as institution is Peterhouse, dates from 1284. King Henry VIII founded the largest college, Trinity, in 1546.

Many of the University buildings are of historical or architectural interest, and the University's museums contain many rare, valuable and beautiful items. King's College Chapel, begun in 1446, is one of Britain's most magnificent buildings. The mulberry tree under which the poet John Milton is reputed to have written Lycidas is on the grounds of Christ's College. Samuel Pepys's library, housed in the original cases, is at Magdalene College. Two of the colleges contain chapels designed by Christopher Wren-Pembroke and Emmanuel. The gardens and grounds of the colleges along the River Cam are known as the "Backs," and together they form a unique combination of large-scale architecture, natural and formal gardens, and river scenery with student boaters.

The University at present has more than 16,500 full-time students - over 11,600 undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduates. About 17% of the student body is from overseas, coming from over 100 different countries. Because of its high academic reputation, admission to the University is highly competitive, and most overseas students already have a good degree from a university in their own country.

The University also has a worldwide reputation for other aspects of its work. Cambridge University Press (one of the world's oldest and largest publishers) and UCLES (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate) are world leaders in their respective fields and allow the University to make a direct educational and academic contribution to the lives of millions of people around the world.

Cambridge University is more renowned than its rival for mathematics and natural sciences, and has produced 80 Nobel-prize winners (33 more than Oxford and the highest number of any university worldwide), 13 British Prime Ministers (12 less than the other place) and 8 Archbishops of Canterbury, among others.

The list of illustrious alumni is endless. Among the most famous are Desiderius Erasmus, Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, Lord Byron, Charles Darwin, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vladimir Nabokov, Lee Kuan Yew (PM of Singapore from 1959 to 1990), and Rajiv Gandhi. The great Russian scientist Pavlov came to Cambridge to receive the degree of the Honorary Doctor of Cambridge. University of Cambridge is known as a great centre of science, where many fomous scientists have worked. Sources: http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/history.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge

Vocabulary

1. to be famous ['feim s] for -   2. medieval [,medi'i:vl] а -   3. to attend [ 'tend] v -   4. markedly [ma:kidli] а -   5. renowned [ri'naund] а -   6. scholar ['sk l ] n –

 7. to revere [ri'vi ] v -   8. to establish [is't bli ] v -   9. county ['kaunti] n -   10. to lie [lai] а   11. confluence ['k nflu ns] n -   12. pursuit [p 'sju:t] n –

  13. boating ['b ti ] n   14. punting [p nti ] n –

  15. stroll [str l] n   16. bank ['b k] n -   17. plague [pleig] n -   18. persecution [,p :si'kju: n] n -   19. spire [spai ] n –

  20. the city of "Dreaming Spires"   21. exquisite ['ekskwizit] a

  22. monk [m k] n

  23. to grow [gr ] v (grew [gru:]; grown [gr n]) out -

  24. cleric ['klerik] n

  25. to spring [spri ] v (sprang [spr ], sprung [spr ] ) –

  26. to evolve [i'v lv] v

  27. boost [bu:st]

  28. to congregate ['k grigeit] v

  29. friction ['frik n] n

  29. gown [gaun] n

  30. to lodge [l ] v

  31. to charge [ ] v

  32. it will be a great strain on my purse/resources –

  33. influx ['infl ks] n –

  34. riot [rai t] n

  35. to hasten ['heisn] v –

  36. hall [h l] n

  37. to endow [in'dau] v

  38. splendour ['splend ] n

  39. notable ['n t bl] а

  40. to admit [ d'mit] v (-tt-) –

  41. to enroll [in'r l] г (-11-) –

  42. controversy ['k ntr v :si] n

  43. vernacular [v 'n kjul ] a –

  44. churchman [' : m n] n (pi -men)

  45. heresy ['her si] n - epec   46. stake [steik] n –

  47. to comprise [k m'praiz] v –

  48. grandeur ['gr n ] n

  49. scholarship ['sk l ip] n –

  50. undergraduate [, nd 'gr dju t] n –

  51. graduate ['gr u t] n, a

  52. Fellow ['fel ] n

  53. saint [seint]

  54. archbishop [,a: 'bi p] n

  55. contemporary [k n'temp r ri] a

  56. to flee [fli:] v (fled [fled] ) –

  57. convoluted ['k nv lu:tid] a

  58. to carry [k ri] out

  59. Chancellor [' ns l ] n

  60. illustrious [i'l stri s] а –

  61. еxchequer [iks' ek ]

 62. Chapel [ pl] n –

Key words and phrases college - The precise usage of the term varies among English-speaking countries. Usually this is an institution of higher education that offers only undergraduate programs and limited graduate programs, but it also can be a separate unit within a university like a college of business or college of arts and sciences. In the context of the university it is also known as Faculty. Often colleges within a university have different admission requirements. graduate - A student who has completed a course of study, either at high school or university level. A graduate program at a US university is, in British English terms, a postgraduate study program. Graduate study is designed to lead towards a master's or doctorate and generally is open only to students who have completed an undergraduate degree. undergraduate - In some educational systems, an undergraduate is a post-secondary student pursuing a Bachelor's degree. Students of higher degrees are known as postgraduates (or often simply graduates). Hall - dormitory: a college or university building containing living quarters for students Fellow - A senior member of a College, elected to a particular position of authority and responsibility in relation to the academic work and government of the College. town and gown - A term used to describe the two communities of a university town; "town" being the non-academic population and "gown" the university community, especially in traditional seats of learning such as Oxford and Cambridge. The gown in this expression alludes to the academic robes traditional in British universities. alumnus (plural alumni) MAINLY US - someone who has left a school, college or university after completing their studies there UCLES (University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate) - one of the best-known organisations in the world of English Language Teaching and the world's largest and best known educational assessment agencies with examination centres in over 150 countries. Examinations in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) were started at UCLES in 1913, with the Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE). The First Certificate in English (FCE) was introduced in 1939.
Test it out! F ill the gaps in the sentences, using the words and phrases below: evolved, rioting, stroll, comprised, large-scale, carried, rival, stake, confluence, attended, reputed, plague, controversy, endowed, boost, illustrious, congregated, revered, scholarships, overseas, convoluted, friction, renowned, gained, lodgings, fleeing
Oxford and Cambridge - More Information
	The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge. The two universities have a long history of competition with each other. Today this is expressed primarily through the annual boat race, and rugby match (The Varsity Match).
	Oxford is the first Saxon settlement developed around a place where ox-drovers had a major crossing point over the River Thames. The exact whereabouts of this crossing is uncertain, but it is believed to be near the present Magdalen Bridge. The first name given to the crossing was Oxnaforde (the ford of the oxen).
	The first colleges of Oxford were built in the 13th century, but it wasn't until 1878 that women were admitted to the university, 1920 when they were awarded degrees, and 1974 when the last of the all-male colleges opened their doors to women.
	Oxford was hit hard by the Black Plague (1348-1350). The colleges kept country houses where scholars could flee during periods of plague, but the residents of the city had no such recourse. The population of the city dropped heavily, and the colleges took full advantage by buying up vacant property and greatly expanding their holdings within Oxford.
	One of the notorious events is the St Scholastica Day riot of February 10, 1355. Following a dispute about beer in a tavern between townspeople and two students of the University of Oxford, the insults exchanged grew into armed clashes between locals and students over the next two days which left 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead. The dispute was settled in favour of the university with a special charter. Annually, on February 10, the town mayor and councillors had to march bareheaded through the streets and pay to the university a fine of one penny for every scholar killed. The penance ended in 1825 when the mayor refused to take part.
	Hitler was intending to use Oxford as his capital if he conquered England which is one of the reasons it was not bombed.
	Cambridge was founded in 43AD by the Roman emperor Cantabrigensis, but remained an insignificant market town until the foundation of the university.
	Cambridge's famous Cavendish Laboratory of experimental physics was opened in 1873; the Cavendish professors have been outstanding names in physics.
	The chapel of King's College (1446), the Fitzwilliam Museum, and the botanic gardens are notable features of the university.
	Cambridge University is one of the wealthiest institutions in the Great Britain and it does not rely on the income it derives from student fees; its main sources of money come from the land it owns, especially Felixstowe docks (the major container port in the UK) and from the science parks and laboratories around Cambridge.

21