Term 2 Lesson 9

Topic: Medical text styles.

Aim of the lesson: competence within the above topic.

Virtual learning environment: textbooks, posters, pictures, personal educational materials, tables, texts, etc.

Practical skills before the lesson: the students should know basic tense- and voice forms.

Practical skills and knowledge after the lesson: the students should know basic vocabulary, ask and answer questions and make up a short story on the above topic.

Educational importance of the topic: Cultural development and moral education of students in doctor’s training. Formation of systematic approach to the analysis of medical information, the perception of innovation; the formation of ability and readiness to self-improvement and self-education, personal and subject reflection.

Algorithm of the lesson:

1. Introduction (15 min): Give a short summary of Lessons 2-4.

2. Grammar Practice. (45 min) Passive Voice. There is/are.

2.1. Revision on theory. Английский язык: учебник/ И.Ю. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Вайнштейн; под общ. Ред. И.Ю. Марковиной. – 4-еизд., испр. иперераб. – МГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010. – 368с.: ил.–C. 292-293, §16, c. 45, упр. 1-3.

3. Medical text styles. Peculiarities. (45 min)

Функциональные стили — научный, разговорный, деловой, поэтический, ораторский и публицистический — являются подсистемами языка, каждая из которых обладает своими специфическими особенностями в лексике и фразеологии, в синтаксических конструкциях, а иногда и в фонетике.

Группа книжных стилей включает научный, деловой, или официально-документальный, публицистический, или газетный, ораторский и возвышенно-поэтический.

В разговорном стиле принято различать три разновидности: литературно-разговорный, фамильярно-разговорный и просто­речие. Две последние имеют еще региональные особенности, а также особенности, зависящие от пола и возраста говорящего.

We have already mentioned the problem of what is known as functional styles (FS) of language (see Lesson 1). FSs should be distinguished from varieties of language. The main difference is that the written and oral varieties of language are merely forms of communication which depend on the situation in which the communication is maintained, i.e. on the presence or absence of an interlocutor, whereas FSs are patterns of the written variety of language. Each functional style of the literary' language makes use of language means the interrelation of which is peculiar to the given FS.

An FS is a patterned variety of literary text characterized by the greater or lesser typification of its constituents, supra-phrasal units (SPU), in which the choice and arrangement of interdependent and interwoven language media are calculated to secure the purport of the communication.

A. THE BELLES-LETTRES STYLE

The belles-lettres style is a generic term for three substyles in which the main principles and the most general properties of the style are materialized. These three substyles are:

1. The language of poetry, or simply verse.

2. Emotive pгоse, or the language of fiction.

3. Т'helanguage of the drama

B. PUBLICISTSSTYLE

1.Oratoryandspeeches.

2. The essay.

3. Journalistic articles

C. NEWSPAPER STYLE

1. Brief news items.

2. Advertisementsandannouncements.

3. Headlines/

4. Theeditorial

D. SCIENTIFIC PROSE STYLE

E. THE STYLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

В рамках данного курса будут рассмотрены тексты медицинской тематики общенаучного научного, научно-популярного стилей.

Лексика любого научного текста, независимо от его специальности, может быть разделена на три слоя: общеупотребительный, общенаучный и терминологический. Между этими слоями нет четкой и резкой границы, происходит так называемое "смещение лексических единиц": общелитературные слова приобретают терминологическое значение.

Покажем на конкретном материале, которым является название протокола клинического исследования, каким образом медицинский текст расслаивается на общепризнанные лексические пласты - страты. Возьмемтекстаннотации:

In a randomized controlled trial, twelve matched pairs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease received traditional Chinese acupuncture or placebo acupuncture. After three weeks' treatment the traditional acupuncture group showed significantly greater benefit in terms of subjective scores of breathlessness and six minute walking distance. Objective measures of lung function were unchanged in either group. Whether those differences are mediated by endogenous opiate and/or peptide release remains speculative.

Кобщеупотребительномуслоюотнесемчислительные (twelve, three, six), местоимения (either, those) , глаголto be (were, are). Без сомнения, слова pairs, groupтоже следовало бы отнести к этому слою, однако они употреблены в словосочетаниях matchedpairsofpatients,traditionalacupuncturegroup, что вносит в них специально-научный (медицинский) компонент, хотя эти словосочетания невозможно назвать терминированными в полном смысле этого слова.

   К терминам относятся следующие слова и словосочетания: Chineseacupuncture, placeboacupuncture, breathlessness, endogenousopiate, peptiderelease. Термином является полилексемное образование chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease, поскольку наличие трех специальных терминов терминирует и общеупотребительное слово disease.

Словосочетание lungfunctionследует отнести к специально-научной лексике как образованное по схеме "специальное слово +общенаучное слово".

Оставшуюся лексику определим как общенаучную, т. е. слова и выражения, с помощью которых можно описывать явления и процессы в различных науках:

randomisedcontrolledtrial - исследование методом случайной выборки в контролируемых условиях;

matchedpairs - подобранные по определенным параметрам пары;

objectivemeasures - данные измерений при помощи приборов;

subjectivescores - данные субъективного восприятия, регистрируемые по определенным шкалам;

remainsspeculative - остается невыясненным.

Анализ языкового материала показывает, что именно общенаучная лексика затрудняет чтение научных текстов на иностранном языке, поэтому тщательное изучение этого пласта играет важнейшую роль в оптимизации языка научного общения.

Self-improvement work (15 min): revise the information of lessons 2, 3, 4, 9. Summarise it in 10 sentences.

Homework: 1. Define the style of the texts below.

1. - Have you ever been diagnosed with iron deficiency or do you have heavy menses?

   • No.

   • Have you ever been exposed to toxic chemicals or heavy metals?

   • Yes. At work.

   • Has anyone in your family had heart disease (hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, heart attack, etc.) diagnosed under age 60?

   • Yes, both my parents have hypertension.

   • Have you ever been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease? Have you ever been exposed to or infected with hepatitis (AIDS)?

   • No, I haven’t.

2. Some Interesting facts about teeth:

A couple of hundred years ago bad teeth were considered to be a rich man’s disease. It was only the rich people who could afford to eat sweet things like Queen Elizabeth I, who had very bad teeth.

In the dark ages, superstitions held that a person could cure his/her toothache or re-grow a lost tooth by obtaining a tooth from someone else. This tooth would have preferably come from a hanged criminal. It was believed that just the mere possession of such a tooth would work.

Cows do not have upper front teeth and their bottom ones never stop growing!

In the 18th century people would sell their teeth to the rich people, Who then used to make false teeth with them.(so replacement of teeth was seen from as early as 18th century)

The biggest shark species has the smallest teeth. The 12 metre long whale shark has more than 4,000 teeth, each only 3mm long.

New teeth are constantly being formed in rows in a shark’s jaw. Shark’s teeth are normally replaced every eight days.

The rats front teeth are constantly growing all through its life, this is the reason they bite into everything they see to get rid of the itching sensation due to growth of teeth.

3. Crystallogenesis of liquid bioenvironments in human and animal normal and pathological physiology

The purpose of this new medico-biological science is to discover crystallogenesis mechanisms and further to work out the criteria for estimation of various substrates bioinformation and biocrystallisation management on the basis of up-to-date accomplishments in biology, medicine, chemistry, physics and other integrated disciplines.

The targets of modern crystallogenesis are

1) To form basics of biocrystallogenesis – definition, nature, mechanisms,

2) To provide methodological basis for studying biocrystals,

3) To determine the diagnostic value of biocrystallisation investigation,

4) To analyze theoretical and practical value of applied crystalloengineering,

5) To study integrated aspects of crystallogenesis and to form new synthetic sciences.

The product planned is making morphology atlases and descriptions of physical and chemical characteristics of bioenvironment elementary associations in normal and pathological physiology and evaluation, differentiation and prognosis methods for diseases under study. A monogragh is planned to be published on the problem in English and Italian.

Basic literature:

1. Английский язык: учебник EnglishinDentistry: учебник для студентов стоматологических факультетов медицинских вузов / под ред. Л.Ю. Берзеговой.- М.: «ГЭОТАР-МЕДИА», 2008. – 272 с.

2. Английский язык: учебник/ И.Ю. Марковина, З.К. Максимова, М.Б. Вайнштейн; под общ. Ред. И.Ю. Марковиной. – 4-еизд., испр. иперераб. – МГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010. – 368с.: ил.

3. Гальперин И.Р. // GalperinI.R.Стилистика английского языка: Учебник // EnglishStylistics (inEnglish). Изд.4, 336 с., - М.: Книжный дом "ЛИБРОКОМ", 2012.

Optional literature: Maslova A.M. Essential Medical English for Medical Students. Moscow , 2003.