Impact of television and Internet
Main article: Future of newspapers
Further information: Online newspapers
Newspaper press in Limoges, France
By the late 1990s, the availability of news via 24-hour television channelsand then theInternetposed an ongoing challenge to thebusiness modelof most newspapers in developed countries. Paidcirculationhas declined, while advertising revenue — which makes up the bulk of most newspapers’ income — has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience.
However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow.[37]
On 10 April 1995,The American Reporter[38]became the first daily newspaper, with its own paid reporters around the world and all-original content, to start on the Internet. The editor-in-chief and founder isJoe Shea. The site is owned by 400 journalists.[39]
The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.[40]Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers.[40]
The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits,[41]and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.[42]At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces acyclicaltrough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete newspapers in their traditional format.
See also
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Journalism portal |
List of newspaper comic strips
Lists of newspapers
Footnotes
^Plambeck, Joseph (26 April 2010)."Newspaper Circulation Falls Nearly 9%".The New York Times.
^Werner Faulstich: "Grundwissen Medien", 4th ed.,ya UTB, 2000,ISBN 978-3-8252-8169-4, chapter 4
^Margarete Rehm."Margarete Rehm: Information und Kommunikaegenwart. Das 17. Jh". Ib.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^Brook, Timothy. (1998).The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley:University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-22154-0(Paperback). Page xxi.
^ab"WAN — A Newspaper Timeline". Wan and-press.org. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^Infelise, Mario. "Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century." Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002. 212,214,216–217
^Weber, Johannes (2006), "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe",German History24(3): 387–412 (387):
At the same time, then as the printing pressin the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now born.
^"Weber, Johannes: Straßburg 1605: Die Geburt der Zeitung, in: Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, Vol. 7 (2005), S. 3–27"(in German).
^"WAN — Newspapers: 400 Years Young!". Wan-press.org. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^abStephens, Mitchell."History of Newspapers". Nyu.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
^[1]
^"Biblioteca Nacional Digital — Gazeta..., Em Lisboa, 1642–1648". Purl.pt. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^"WAN — Oldest newspapers still in circulation". Wan-press.org. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^Concise History of the British Newspaper in the Eighteenth Century[dead link]
^"''A Daily Miracle: A student guide to journalism and the newspaper business'' (2007)"(PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-21.
^"Newspaper – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^Philip B. Meggs,A History of Graphic Design(1998) pp 130–133
^David R. Spencer,The Yellow Journalism(2007) p. 22.
^Bird, S. Elizabeth.For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids. Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press, 1992: 12–17.
^Wurzbach, C.(1891).Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, enthaltend die Lebensskizzen der denkwürdigen Personen, welche seit 1750 in den österreichischen Kronländern geboren wurden oder darin gelebt und gewirkt haben, (162–165); Jim Chevallier, "August Zang and the French Croissant: How Viennoiserie Came to France", p. 3-30;Diepresse.comArticle in "Die Presse" on its founding.
^Example of Monday to Friday-only publishing: the LondonEvening Standard, once a paid newspaper, now free-of-charge, aimed largely at commuters, does not publish on Saturdays
^"Journalism Magazine". Journalism.co.uk. 19 January 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^"SeattlePI.com". SeattlePI.com. 14 December 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^Bureau of Labor Statistics (17 December 2009)."Career Guide to Industries, 2010–11 Edition: Publishing, Except Software". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
^"WSJ Advertising: Rates". Advertising.wsj.com. Retrieved 2008-10-10.[dead link]
^"Audit Bureau of Circulations :::". Auditbureau.org. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
^Liedtke, Michael (26 October 2009)."Newspaper circulation drop accelerates April–Sept".The Seattle Times. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^OECD Working Party on the Information Economy (11 June 2010)."The evolution of news and the internet". Retrieved 14 July 2011."Growth in the BIICS countries by about 35% from 2000 to 2008 very much contributed to this growth, most notably India with a 45% increase in circulation between 2000 and 2008, South Africa (34%) and China (an estimated 29%). Gains are not only occurring there but also in other countries and continents, including Africa and South America." p.24
^"Dailies add 12.6 million readers". NRS Chennai. 29 August 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2008.
^Standage, Tom(13 July 2011).The Kojo Nnamdi Show. Interview withKojo Nnamdi.WAMU. Washington, D.C.. See alsoPrint media in India#Readership
^"Newspapers: Audience – State of the Mews Media 2004". Archived fromthe originalon 26 September 2007.
^Mensing, Donica (Spring 2007)."Online Revenue Business Model Has Changed Little Since 1996".Newspaper Research Journal.[dead link]
^"Reinventing the newspaper".The Economist. 7 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
^"Trends & Numbers".Newspaper Association of America. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
^"wallstreetcosmos.com". wallstreetcosmos.com. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
^Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Do Newspapers Matter?, 2011
^N. Ram,Newspaper futures: India and the world[dead link], 15 August 2007,The Hindu
^Joe Shea."American-reporter.com". American-reporter.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
^J.D. Lasica, "Net Gain",American Journalism Review, Vol. 18, November 1996
^abSaba, Jennifer (16 March 2009)."Specifics on Newspapers from 'State of News Media' Report".Editor & Publisher. Retrieved 2009-03-17.[dead link]
^[2][dead link]
^Clifford, Stephanie (12 October 2008)."Newspapers' Web Revenue is Stalling".The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2010.