Unit 4: pronouns Test Your Grammar
Read the following sentences carefully and choose the correct word.
You can come some/ any/ no/ every day you like.
Don’t blame myself/ me/ oneself. Blame you/ yourself/ oneself/ ourselves.
Nobody phoned, did it/ they/ he or she/ anybody?
“Do you like this/ these jeans?” “No, I prefer that/ those one/ ones.”
All what/ that/ which he needs is a good rest.
None/ no one/ nobodyof the applicants he interviewed were suitable for the job.
“We have a lime and a grapefruit fragrance – what/ which perfume do you like best?” “I don’t really like neither/ none/ either/ any of them.”
The headmaster wished them everybody/ all/ many good luck.
Don’t hurry! There is /It is time to drop at the shop and stock up for the party.
They told us very many/ much/ few/ little, practically nothing at all.
One boy played the guitar while two other/ the other/ others/ the others/ another sang.
How many of the university teachers do you know personally? – Neither/ None/ No one/ No.
Sam plays football nearly each/ every day.
“How could you leave without a lot/ some/ any/ no money, without saying something/ anything/ nothing to somebody/ anybody/ nobody?” “Well, a friend of myself/ my/ mine/ me gave me few/ a few/ little/ a little money, but I left it/ them on the table.”
Give me another/ other/ the other chance and I will change the world.
On the train there was none/ no one/ nobody/ neither whom I could talk to, what/ that/ which was rather disappointing.
Each/ all flat will have central heating installed before November.
I came back very late so there were very a few/ few/ many/ a lot of people left.
I can hardly eat that/ what/ --/ which she cooks.
30 Points
Points
to Think of
1. Study the chart below carefully. Can you give examples of all groups of the pronouns mentioned?
2. Some of the above-mentioned groups can be further subdivided. Which ones?
3. Do all the pronouns have the categories of number, case and gender? The table below can help you answer this question.
|
SINGULAR | |||
|
I |
me |
|
|
|
you |
|
your |
|
|
|
him |
|
|
|
|
|
|
hers |
|
it |
|
|
— |
|
PLURAL | |||
|
we |
|
|
|
|
|
you |
|
|
|
|
|
their |
|
Complete the sentences adding suitable pronouns from the table.
Who’s that girl? - … name is Jenny.
My office isn’t large. …’s quite small.
Look! There’s Mike. Can you see …?
I’ve got my key, but Peter hasn’t got … .
Emily is nice. We all like … .
That isn’t Diana’s house. … is next door.
Tony isn’t here. …’s at work.
My friend and I haven’t got a map with … .
Hello. My name is Frank. What’s … ?
Look. The dog isn’t eating … food.
I’ve got a problem. Can you help …?
That’s Rosie. …’s Australian.
Those people have got … suitcases, but we haven’t got … .
- Is this your coat? - No, it isn’t … .
Tom and … wife have got two children.
II Read this excerpt about self-talk taken from the book Healthy Habits, and while reading it write out as many pronouns as you can recognize, arranging them in groups. Consult the chart in Ex.1, if you need help.
Develop the Habit of Healthy Self -Talk!
"I shouldn't have eaten that chocolate cake! I'm so stupid. I'm ever a hopeless case. My family always stresses me out which undermines my self-control."
Do you ever say many things like this to yourself? That kind of thinking is called "negative self-talk." It sounds pretty dismal, doesn't it? All that remains is to play the conversation again, this time with some positive self-talk.
"I wish I hadn't eaten too much chocolate cake! It wasn't a good choice at all, and I'm smart enough to make more good choices. Looking back, I realize I wasn't hungry. On the whole, I was somewhat stressed, and I was wanting nothing but to calm down. So how can I calm down in a positive way, which is healthy? Everybody who is attentive enough knows that a few mistakes are just part of each learning process."
Which is going to give you more motivation to maintain a few healthy habits---negative or positive self-talk? Self-talk is internal dialogue---the words we somehow use when we talk to ourselves. According to Dr. Shad Helmstetter who is a famous psychologist, our self-talk reflects and creates whichever emotional state we are in. You can feel calm or a little worried, depending on whatever you tell yourself. Your self-talk can influence your self-esteem, outlook, energy level, performance, and relationships with others. Another fact is it can even affect your health, determining, for example, how you handle stressful events, or how easily you replace unhealthy behaviors with healthy ones.
To maintain positive self-talk, fill your mind with uplifting ideas. Recognize your strengths. Comfort yourself when some things go wrong. Let your self-talk be something like the soothing, supportive words of a counselor, friend, or mentor. As you improve your self-talk, commit to changing your actions accordingly. Lasting accomplishments come when we change both our behaviors and our thinking.
Golden
Rules
Many and much are used mainly in questions and negative sentences.
In other sentences, phrases like a lot of and plenty of (= enough or more than enough) are used instead.
B. A few and few are used before plural nouns.
a few = 'a small number' (несколько).
few= 'not many'. It emphasizes how small the number is. (мало)
A little and little are used before uncountable nouns.
A little= 'some, but not a lot' (некоторое количество)
Little = 'not much'. It emphasizes how small the amount is. (мало)
С. Other/ the other/ another:
When you are talking about two people or things and have already mentioned one of them, use the other or the other one to refer to the second one.
When you have been talking about some people or things of a particular type, use other (ones) to refer to more people or things of this type and another or another one to refer to one more person or thing of this type.
D. each/ every:
It is often correct to use either each or every, but they have slightly different meanings. Use each when you are thinking about the people or things in a group separately, one by one.
Use every when you are thinking about the whole group of people or things together, with no exceptions.
Use
every
(not each)
with words such as 'almost',
'nearly',
or 'not'.
Do
not use each
in negative clauses. Use none.
E. Use either to talk about one of two people, places, or things, especially when it does not matter which one.
Use neither to talk about two things or people.
Use none to talk about a group of three or more things or people.
F. Use some in front of the plural form of a noun to talk about a number of people or things, without saying who or what they are, or how many of them there are. You can also use some in front of an uncountable noun to talk about a quantity of something, without saying how much of it there is.
Do not use some as part of the object of a negative sentence. Use any instead. In questions, you can use either some or any as part of an object. Use some when you are asking someone to confirm that something is true. You can also use any when what you are saying is true of all people or things of the type:
G. Use something to refer to an object, situation, etc without saying exactly what it is.
Do not use something as part of the object of a negative sentence. Use anything instead.
In questions, use anything as part of the object but if you are asking for confirmation that something is true, use something.
H. The plural form of this is these. The plural form of that is those.
This, these, that, and those are all used to refer to people, things, events, etc that have already been mentioned.
Use this to refer to a situation that is continuing to exist, or to an event that is continuing to take place. Use that to refer to an event or situation that has taken place recently.
Use this or these to refer to people or things that are very near to you.
Use that or those to refer to people or things that you can see or hear, but that are not very near to you, so that, for example, you cannot put out your hand and touch them.
When you are comparing two things and one of them is nearer to you than the other, you can use this to refer to the one which is nearer and that to refer to the one which is further away.
I. Usually it refers to something that has just been mentioned, or introduces your feelings or point of view about a situation.
Do not use it with a link verb and a noun group to say that something exists or is present. Use there instead.
J. Reflexive pronouns are used as the object of a verb when the person or thing affected by an action is the same as the person or thing doing it. The reflexive pronouns are:
|
singular |
myself yourself herself himself itself |
|
plural |
ourselves yourselves themselves |
Reflexive pronounsare also used after nouns or pronouns to emphasize them or at the end of a sentence to emphasize the subject.
Reflexive pronounsare also used at the end of a sentence to say that someone did something without any help from anyone else.
K. Use each other when you are talking about actions or feelings that involve two or more people together in an identical way. Each other is usually used as the direct or indirect object of a verb.
You can form possessives by adding 's to each other.
L. Use the relative pronoun who for people and which for things. You can use that for both people and things.
You can omit that (who, which) when it is an object of the relative clause, but when it is the subject it can never be omitted.
Use which to refer back to the whole clause.
Use that after the following patterns: a superlative adjective + noun; an ordinal number + noun; the only + noun and after the words all, everything, something, nothing.
Use what in the meaning of “the thing that”.
Whoseis used both for people and things.
Grammar
in Focus