C02 gas injection

The EOR technique that is attracting the most new market interest is carbon dioxide (C0₂) EOR. New technologies are being developed to produce C0₂ from industrial applications, such as natural gas processing, fertilizer, ethanol and hydrogen plants in locations where naturally occurring reservoirs are not available. One demonstration at the Dakota Gasification Company's plant in Beulah, North Dakota, is producing C0₂ and delivering it by a new 204-mile pipeline to the Weyburn oilfield in Saskatchewan, Canada. Encana, the field's operator, is injecting the C0₂ to extend the field's productive life, hoping to add another 25 years and as much as 130 million barrels of oil that might otherwise have been abandoned.

We are funding another project in the Hall-Gurney field in Kansas, seeking to demonstrate that C0₂ EOR can provide energy, economic and environmental benefits. A companion project underway in the Hall-Gurney field involves testing the feasibility of 4D high resolution seismic monitoring of C0₂ injection in thin, relatively shallow mature carbonate reservoirs. Incorporating this kind of time-lapsed monitoring data into C0₂-E0R programmes could dramatically improve the efficiency and economics of using the technology in many midcontinent fields.

Task 5. Read and translate the following paragraphs about three types of oil reservoir drive:

Задание 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст о разных типах естественного вытеснения:

Natural drives

Dissolved Gas Drive

When a well is drilled, pressure on the oil in the reservoir can be released and gas can bubble out of the oil. The pressure of the oil forces the oil through the rock into the well. This type of drive reservoir is very inefficient. It has a very rapid decline in both reservoir pressure and oil production rate, as the oil is produced. There is a very rapid increase in the gas/oil ratio near the end of production.

Free Gas Cap Expansion Drive

In some fields, there is a gas cap above the oil which expands in production and puts the oil under pressure. This type of drive shows a moderate fall in reservoir fluid pressure and production as the oil is produced. The gas/oil ratio rises sharply when the oil has nearly all been produced.

Water Drive

Reservoirs with water drive are driven by the expansion of water below or adjacent to the reservoir. As the oil is produced, it is replaced by water. An active water drive exerts almost constant reservoir pressure and oil production throughout the life of the well. Gas/oil remains the same, but eventually, when the reservoir 'goes to water', water production increases dramatically.

Task 6. Read the description of five types of improved recovery. Each has a key phrase missing. Which key phrase belongs to each description and where should it be inserted?

Задание 6. Прочитайте описание современных методов добычи и вставьте ключевую фразу:

and make it more fluid, in separate slugs, some of the remaining, that dissolves in the oil, to sustain the fire

Once the natural drive of the reservoir is exhausted, oil companies turn to other methods to boost recovery:

1. Waterflood: This technique is usually the first to be tried after primary production. It involves injecting water through injection wells. The water forces the oil through to producing wells. It can recover 5 to 50% of the remaining oil in place.

2. Miscible gas process: This technique involves injecting a gas (usually carbon dioxide or liquid petroleum gas) into the reservoir. It can recover about 35% of the remaining oil.

3. Chemical flood: This technique involves injecting different chemicals, each serving a different purpose, into the depleted reservoir. This recovers around 40% of remaining oil, but can only be used in sandstone reservoirs, not carbonates.

4. Steamflood: This technique involves using heat to make heavy oil more fluid for recovery. Steam is injected into the reservoir to heat the oil. Recovery rates can vary from 25% to 60% of the oil in place.

5. Fire flood: This is another thermal technique in which subsurface oil is set on fire and air is injected into the reservoir. The oil becomes more fluid and flows towards the producing wells. Approximately 30 to 40% recovery is expected with this method.

Практическое занятие 30

Pipelines

Трубопроводы

dual двойственный, двойной

sabotage вредить

warning system система оповещения

interference нарушение, вмешательство

tamper испортить

locate располагаться

disruption разрывание

fibre-optic стекловолоконный

rupture пробой

tamper proof защищенный от воровства

turnkey system полностью готовая система

immune устойчивый

intrusion нарушение, неправомерный захват

irrespective of независимо от

regardless of независимо от

threat угроза, опасность

robust крепкий

terrain местность, территория

delivery доставка

foolproof несложный, понятный всем

Task 1. Read and translate the text. Discuss the questions:

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст: