16. Relate the methodology of scientific knowledge and its levels. Расскажите о методологии научного знания и ее уровнях.

Any scientific research comes true by certain receptions and methods, on certain rules.

Studies about the system of these receptions, methods and rules name methodology. Concept "methodology" in literature is used in two values:

1) totality of the methods applied in some sphere of activity (to science, politics etc.);

2) studies about the scientific method of cognition.

Every science has the methodology.

Levels of methodology:

• General methodology which is universal in relation to all sciences and which contents includes philosophical and general scientific methods of knowledge.

• Private methodology of scientific researches for group of related sciences which is formed by philosophical, general scientific and private methods of knowledge.

• Methodology of scientific researches of concrete science which contents joins philosophical, general scientific, private and special methods of knowledge.

Methods of scientific research are methods of study of the phenomena and realization of scientific research (theoretical and empiric, scientific and methods of certain sciences).

Methods of scientific research are totality of receptions, methods of realization of procedures of research search and transformation of reality.

Classification.

• Depending on the content of the studied objects: methods of natural sciences and methods of social and humanitarian research.

• On branches of science: mathematical, biological, medical, social and economic, legal, etc.

• Depending on knowledge level: methods of empirical, theoretical and metatheoretical levels

Methods of empirical level

• supervision,

• description,

• comparison,

• account,

• measurement,

• questionnaire,

• interview,

• testing,

• experiment,

• modeling, etc.

Methods of theoretical level

• axiomatic,

• hypothetical (hypothetico-deductive),

• formalization,

• abstraction,

17. Consider the methods, techniques and procedures of scientific knowledge. Рассмотрите методы, способы и методики научного знания.

Scientific knowledge is an integrated developing system, which has a rather complicated structure. Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, measurable evidence, and subject to laws of reasoning, both deductive and inductive.

Methods of Empirical research level: Observation, Measurement, Experiment

Observation - is purposeful perception of an object due to the activities of the task.

Comparison. In a study comparing the establishment called the similarities and differences of objects and phenomena of reality.

Measurement of the set of actions performed by the means of measurements in order to find the numerical value of the measured value in the adopted units.

Experiment - a study of any phenomena by actively influencing them by creating new conditions , consistent with the purposes of research or through a change in the current process in the right direction is the most sophisticated and effective method of empirical research suggests he use the most simple empirical methods - observation , comparison and measurement.

Methods of study of the theoretical level: Idealization, Formalization, Hypothesis, Theory

Formalization - display meaningful knowledge of signs and symbolic form ( formal language ) . Last created for the exact expression of thoughts in order to exclude the possibility for ambiguous understanding . Formalization of reasoning about objects carried in the plane of operation with signs ( formulas ) , which is associated with the construction of artificial languages (the language of mathematics, logic , chemistry , etc.).

Synthesis - Connect individual aspects of the subject into a coherent whole .

Analysis - a method of knowledge by means of dismemberment or expansion of research subjects into its constituent parts .

Axiomatic method - a method of constructing a scientific theory in which some statements are made without evidence.

Abstraction - a mental distraction from nonessential properties, connections , relationships and objects selection of multiple parties interested researchers .

Deduction is reception particular conclusions based on some knowledge of general provisions .

Induction is a method of knowledge, clearly tapped on formal logical reasoning , which leads to a general conclusion on the basis of private parcels .

Methods of empirical research and theoretical levels: Analysis, Synthesis,Induction, Deduction, Analogy, Modeling, Abstracting.

Concrete scientific methods characteristic of a particular field of knowledge (mathematics, physics, etc.). In recent years, due to the integration of science there is a tendency of penetration of individual research methods from one area of knowledge to another.

Interaction of empirical and theoretical levels of the study is that:

- The set of facts is a practical basis for the theory or hypothesis;

- Facts may confirm or refute the theory;

- Scientific fact can not be formulated without a system of concepts and interpreted without theoretical concepts;

- An empirical study in modern science is predetermined by the theory.