9. Прочтите самостоятельно тексты по металлам и передайте их содержание на русском языке gold

It is supposed (полагают) that gold was the first of all metals used by man. Why did the ancient people want gold? They did not use it аs money. Other things had served for money long before gold was used. Most likely, they wanted gold only for ornaments (украшения). Gold is a wonderful metal in many ways. As you know, gold is a yellow metal, bright and shining when polished – the colour of the sun. Perhaps, gold seemed to the ancient people to be a piece of the sun found on the earth and all ancient gold – seeking people (золотоискатели) were worshippers (поклонниками) of the sun.

COPPER

Copper came after gold. Then came tin, lead, silver and iron. We know that copper and tin came into use some time before silver and lead and a long time before iron. Probably, it was in Egypt (Египет) that man first found copper. In ancient times copper was used in the form of alloys-bronze and brass. As we know, an alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. Bronze is a mixcture of copper and tin. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc (цинк). Sometimes silver is added (добавляется) to bronze when bells are cast (отливать колокола). It is believed that silver gives a clear tone. Throughout (за всю) history of the world copper and bronze have always been used for making works of art (произведение искусства).

Lesson 3 classification of metals

1. Ознакомьтесь, что означают следующие слова и словосочетания. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык предложения с новыми словами

to classify – классифицировать, делить на группы

classification – классификация

f.e. There are many different classifications of metals.

to base on – основывать на

composition – состав

f.e. There is a classification based on the composition of metals. Metals may be also classified according to (пo) their physical and chemical properties.

ferrous metal – черный металл

non-ferrous metal – цветной металл

f.e. Iron is a ferrous metal. Copper and aluminum are non-ferrous metals. Lead, zinc and tin are also non-ferrous metals.

to alloy – легировать, сплавлять

alloying element – легирующий элемент

f.e. An alloy consists of two or more metals and other elements.

to combine – соединять, сочетать

f.e. An alloy combines some elements. An alloy combines simple metals with some other elements.

simple – простой

simple metal – простой металл

pure – чистый

pure metal – чистый (без примесей) металл

purity – чистота

impurity – примесь

f.e. Simple metals are usually pure chemical elements.

to produce – производить, изготавливать

product – изделие

production – производство, изготовление

f.e. In old time people did not know how to produce and how to use metals. Ferrous metals and alloys include a great number of commercially important products.

iron – железо

cast iron – чугун

grey cast iron – серый чугун

white cast iron – белый чугун

malleable cast iron – ковкий чугун

steel – сталь

carbon steel – углеродистая сталь

alloy steel – легированная сталь

stainless steel – нержавеющая сталь

f.e. Iron, alloy steels, carbon steels, stainless steels are these commercially important products.

light – легкий

f.e. Light metals are aluminium (алюминий), titanium (титан), magnesium (магний), berillium (бериллий).

alkali metals – щелочные металлы

alkali earth metals – щелочноземельные металлы

to include – включать

f.e. The alkali metals and the alkali earth metals are also light metals.

heavy – тяжелый

f.e. Heavy metals include such metals as lead, tin, silver, copper, nickel (никель), zinc ( цинк). The heaviest metal is osmium (осмий).

rare metals – редкий металл

precious (= noble) metals – благородные металлы

refractory – огнеупорный, жаростойкий, тугоплавкий

refractory material – жаростойкий (огнеупорный) материал

refractory metal – тугоплавкий металл

refractory steel – жаростойкая сталь

to exhibit – проявлять (свойства, качества)

f.e. Refractory metals exhibit high melting point. Their melting point is above 3000°F (1650°C).

low melting point metals – металлы с низкой точкой плавления

to resist – сопротивляться, противостоять

resistance – сопротивление, устойчивость

resistant – устойчивый, стойкий

corrosion resistant – коррозиостойкий

wear – износ

wear resistant – износостойкий

f.e. Some metals are corrosion and wear resistant. Corrosion resistance is a very useful property in a metal. All these metals exhibit great corrosion and wear resistance.

to vary – варьировать, различаться

hard – твердый

hardness – твердость

soft – мягкий

softness – мягкость

f.e. Metals vary in hardness and softness. Tin and lead are soft metals.

Potassium is so soft that it can be molded like wax (формироваться как воск), chromium is so hard that it can cut glass (резать стекло).

to group – группировать

to class – классифицировать (= to classify)

industrial application – промышленное применение

f.e. Metals may be grouped (= classed, classified) according to their industrial application. Metals are grouped into pure metals and alloys. Metals are often used in the form of alloys.

semi – полу

semimetals – полуметаллы

semiconductor – полупроводник.