Занятие 7

Тема: The Diseases of the Cardiovascular System.

Грамматика: Forms of Participles. Complex Object.

Время изучения темы: 3 часа

Цель: Научиться переводить тексты по специальности; вести беседу на базе изученных текстов; осуществлять профессионально-ориентированное общение, пользуясь изученным лексико-грамматическим материалом

Задачи:

1) выучить и тренировать активную лексику

2) тренировать грамматические модели

3) тренировка навыков аналитического и информативного чтения, перевода, устного высказывания

4) научиться применять полученные знания на практике

I. Продолжите перевод текста “Heart Disease”:

Heart Disease

What is angina pectoris? The words mean “pain or strangling in the chest”, and probably 95% of all instances occur in patients with coronary-artery disease. At one time all chest pains due to heart conditions were called angina, and the word has taken on a needlessly frightening connotation. As now understood, angina or anginal pain is a relatively mild discomfort, compared to coronary thrombosis. The pain arises because the heart muscle is being partially deprived of its normal oxygen supply. It may not be a severe pain, but simply a feeling of tightness or pressure in the chest.

Anginal pain may be considered a type of heart failure in which the heart is being asked to put out more work than it is given fuel (oxygen) to do. Narrowing or contraction of the little arteries of the heart (arterioles) accompanies the chest pain or pressure. The pain may be brought on by exercise, especially after a meal, emotional excitement, or cold weather. Experienced patients know how much of each they can take and avoid the excess that induces pain.

The sovereign remedy to relieve anginal pain is nitroglycerin. A small pellet placed under the tongue is immediately absorbed and carried to the heart’s arterioles, which are quickly dilated (opened up) by the nitrite. The pain disappears, but the treatment may have to be repeated in 15 to 30 minutes.

What is heart failure? When the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to all parts of the body, the condition is described as heart failure. It may accompany or be the result of coronary-artery disease or other types of heart disease, such as rheumatic, congenital, or hypertensive heart disease. Though serious, the condition is not necessarily rapidly fatal. Many patients live 10 to 20 years after congestive heart failure is first noted.

The cardinal symptom of heart failure is shortness of breath or difficult breathing (dyspnea). This complicated symptom involves not only the heart but also the lungs, certain veins and nerve reflexes. Breathing difficulties increase as the underlying condition progresses. At first the patient notices that he is out of breath following slight exertion, such as climbing a flight of stairs. He must sit down and rest whenever he makes any unaccustomed physical effort and recovery is slow. He requires an extra pillow at night; eventually he may find that he can sleep comfortably only when he is sitting up. At length he pants even when he is resting, and his chest may heave deeply. With effective treatment and management, this progress towards invalidism can be interrupted.

Another common and often early sign of congestive heart failure is swelling of the ankles, usually at the end of the day. This sign certainly does not always betoken heart disease. When it is related to heart failure, however, it occurs because the heart is not pumping efficiently enough to get fluids out of the spaces between and within the body cells. This intracellular fluid is also responsible for the congestion of the lungs that occurs with advanced congestive heart failure.

To get rid of accumulated fluids in cell spaces and body cavities, a condition once commonly called dropsy; a large group of diuretic drugs are now available. Diuretics increase the outflow of urine and thus draw off excess body fluids. Reduction of the amount of sodium in the body also helps to prevent the accumulation of fluids; this is the rationale of the salt-free diet. Common table salt is sodium chloride. One of the earliest-discovered and still widely used heart stimulant drugs, digitalis, is also a diuretic and was originally used to treat dropsy. Diuretic drugs often bring dramatic relief to patients suffering from congestive heart failure.

The failing heart makes every effort to keep up with its responsibilities. It enlarges, as can often be seen in X-ray pictures, both by stretching its muscle fibers and by dilating so that the size of its cavities increases. There is a limit, however, to its ability to compensate for failing circulation. Irregularity of its rhythm occurs when the burden gets too heavy. Angina-like pains and digestive symptoms, referred to the abdomen, may occur.

The treatment of the failing heart comprises efforts to reduce its work load, improve its action, and get rid of excess body fluids. The patient must truly learn to live within his physical means, his cardiac reserve. This means as much rest and relaxation as possible, avoidance of physical exertion and emotional tensions, reduction of overweight, faithful adherence to medication schedules, moderation in the use of stimulants and tobacco, and intelligent, quiet recreation.

What are the symptoms of heart disease? It is a unique fact about heart disease that, in general, the more serious the condition is, the more remote from the heart are the symptoms. Among danger signals that may, but not necessarily do, betoken heart disease and should invite prompt medical attention are:

Shortness of breath after slight exertion

Pain or tightness in the chest, often running down the left arm

Swelling in the ankles or abdomen

Dizziness, light-headedness, or vertigo

Seeing double (a particularly dangerous sign)