Chronic Gastritis

The term chronic gastritis must be limited to those cases in which evidences of inflammation or catarrhal changes in the stomach are clear.

Chronic gastritis is known to occur as a separate or primary disease or it may be associated with other diseases, particularly chronic liver and kidney disease. In these diseases chronic impairment of the mucous membrane of the stomach is an important factor in causing the catarrhal condition.

The most important causes of chronic gastritis proved to be alcohol, inadequate food and a bad diet regimen.

The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis are an increase secretion of mucus and a diminished secretion of acid and pepsin. In severe forms of gastritis secretion is observed to be completely reduced and even absent due to the lesion of the mucous membrane.

The most frequent symptoms of chronic gastritis are loss of appetite, slight pain and general epigastric discomfort after meals. In severe cases nausea and vomiting of mucus, particularly in the morning, are often observed. Frequently the stomach becomes moderately enlarged.

The course of the disease is chronic and the symptoms are continuous. They may become worse from time to time if a sick person does not follow the diet regimen strictly.

V. Переведите текст “Shock” со словарем.

Shock

Shock has many meanings: primarily, the rapid and sometimes fatal fall in blood pressure following injury, operation or the administration of anesthesia. It also means electric shock, caused by a passage of electricity through the body, and the electric-shock or insulin-shock treatment (“shock therapy”) given in some cases of mental illness.

The word also refers to psychic shock, the emotional experience that follows a sudden, terrorizing event; to anaphylactic shock, the violent and fatal reaction to a second dose of some drug or serum to which a person has become abnormally sensitized; and to many other kinds of shock, like “shell shock”, which is a form of mental illness.

The basic reasons for the occurrence of shock following injury – such as a skull fracture – or surgery remain unknown, despite great and continuing research attention to the problem. Main effort today is given to preventing and treating shock promptly, if it should occur.

The well-observed basic mechanism in the presence of shock is a decrease in the circulating fluids of the blood; that is why extreme, uncontrolled bleeding and large blood loss also produce shock.

When a patient goes into shock, he turns pale, his skin becomes moist and clammy, his blood pressure falls, his pulse becomes fast and feeble, his breathing slows down, he often complains of thirst, he becomes restless, anxious and sometimes unconscious.

The immediate treatment of shock is to keep the patient lying down at rest and warm – but not too warm. The legs may be elevated, the limbs loosely bandaged (to improve the circulation). Plasma or whole blood infusions into the veins are often required to restore blood volume. This was the common use for Red-Cross-collected blood and plasma on the battlefield; and it is one of the commonest indications for blood bank usage in a hospital. Drugs that raise blood pressure (for example, adrenalin) must often be administered to combat shock.